What are the main hazards of the space environment for astronauts and spacecraft?
The main hazards of the space environment for astronauts and spacecraft include microgravity, which leads to muscle and bone loss; exposure to harmful radiation, increasing cancer risk; extreme temperatures, causing thermal stress; and space debris, which can damage spacecraft and endanger missions.
How does microgravity affect the human body in space?
Microgravity affects the human body by causing muscle atrophy, bone density loss, fluid shifts resulting in facial puffiness, and vision changes. Additionally, it can lead to alterations in cardiovascular function and a weakened immune system.
How is radiation managed and mitigated in space missions?
Radiation in space missions is managed by using shielding materials, employing advanced electronics designed to withstand radiation, implementing operational procedures to minimise exposure, and planning spacewalks or activities during periods of lower radiation levels, such as the solar minimum.
How does the space environment affect materials used in spacecraft construction?
The space environment subjects materials to extreme temperatures, intense radiation, vacuum conditions, and micrometeoroid impacts. These factors can cause material degradation, thermal expansion, radiation-induced embrittlement, and erosion. Engineers select and test materials to ensure durability and functionality under such harsh conditions.
How do extreme temperatures in space impact spacecraft operations?
Extreme temperatures in space can affect spacecraft operations by causing thermal stress on materials, leading to potential mechanical failures. They can impact the performance of instruments and electronic components, which may require thermal control systems to maintain optimal operating temperatures. Insulation and radiators are often used to manage these temperature extremes.