Using the words/phrases in the list below fill in the blanks in the following statements. ( cortex | amino acids | renal | glucose | water reabsorption | large proteins \(\mid\) bowman's capsule | diabetes mellitus | secreted | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | blood cells | glomerulus | concentration of the urine | medulla| nephron a) Blood enters the kidney via the \(\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots . .\) artery. b) When cut across the kidney is seen to consist of two regions, the outer.............. and the inner.............. c) Another word for the kidney tubule is the \(\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots\) d) Filtration of the blood occurs in the \(\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots\) e) The filtered fluid (filtrate) enters the........................... f) The filtrate entering the e) above is similar to blood but does not contain................. or... g) As the fluid passes along the first coiled part of the kidney tubule.................. and \(\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots\) are removed. h) The main function of the loop of Henle is....... i) Hydrogen and potassium ions are............................ into the second coiled part of the tubule. j) The main function of the collecting tube is....... k) The hormone \(\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots .\) is responsible for controlling water reabsorption in the collecting tube. 1) When the pancreas secretes inadequate amounts of the hormone insulin the condition known as............................... results. This is most easily diagnosed by testing for \(\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots\) in the urine.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Appropriate Terms for Each Statement

Helpful tip is to go through the list of words/phrases given and match each one with its relevant description in each statement.

02

Filling in the Blanks

a) Blood enters the kidney via the \(renal\) artery. b) When cut across the kidney is seen to consist of two regions, the outer \(cortex\) and the inner \(medulla\).c) Another word for the kidney tubule is the \(nephron\).d) Filtration of the blood occurs in the \(glomerulus\).e) The filtered fluid (filtrate) enters the \(Bowman's capsule\).f) The filtrate entering the above is similar to blood but does not contain \(large proteins\) or \(blood cells\).g) As the fluid passes along the first coiled part of the kidney tubule \(amino acids\) and \(glucose\) are removed. h) The main function of the loop of Henle is \(water reabsorption\).i) Hydrogen and potassium ions are \(secreted\) into the second coiled part of the tubule.j) The main function of the collecting tube is \(concentration of the urine\).k) The hormone \(antidiuretic hormone (ADH)\) is responsible for controlling water reabsorption in the collecting tube. l) When the pancreas secretes inadequate amounts of the hormone insulin the condition known as \(diabetes mellitus\) results. This is most easily diagnosed by testing for \(glucose\) in the urine.

03

Review the Exercise

Ensure all the blanks are correctly filled according to the provided list of words/phrases and the corresponding descriptions from the statements.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Renal Artery

The renal artery is a pivotal part of the circulatory system, funneling oxygen-rich blood into the kidneys—the body's natural filtration system.

As blood enters through the renal artery, it begins a complex journey of cleansing, where wastes and excess substances are removed. It's essential to maintain a healthy blood flow through these arteries as blockages could lead to kidney damage or hypertension. Understanding the function of the renal artery is fundamental when studying kidney anatomy and physiology.

Nephron Structure

Nestled within the kidneys, nephrons are the microscopic units of structure and function. Each kidney contains around one million nephrons, which collectively manage fluid and waste removal from the blood.

The intricate structures include the glomerulus where filtration occurs, and a series of tubules, including the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule, leading to the collecting duct. Proper knowledge of nephron structure is vital for comprehending how kidneys clean the blood and balance body fluids.

Glomerular Filtration

At the heart of nephron function lies glomerular filtration—a process where blood pressure forces plasma and solutes through the glomerulus's filter-like walls into the Bowman's capsule.

Significant for waste excretion and electrolyte balance, glomerular filtration does not allow large molecules, such as proteins and blood cells, to pass. It starts the urine formation process. Understanding it is crucial for grasping renal physiology and recognizing conditions that affect kidney function.

Loop of Henle

The Loop of Henle is a U-shaped turn in the nephron tubule crucial for conserving water and minimizing urine volume. Here, a clever counter-current mechanism concentrates the urine and facilitates water reabsorption into the body.

Longer loops can be found in animals native to arid environments, highlighting the loop's pivotal role in water conservation. Physiology students are often intrigued by how this smart structure maintains fluid balance within the body.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, plays a vital role in regulating the body's water balance. Produced in the brain and released into the bloodstream, ADH works on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption, thus concentrating the urine and reducing its output.

In conditions where the body needs to conserve water, like dehydration, ADH secretion increases. The interaction between ADH and the kidneys underscores an essential hormonal control over kidney functions.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood due to the body's inability to produce or use insulin properly. The kidney's function of filtering blood is intrinsically linked to diabetes, as high blood sugar can lead to increased kidney workload and potential damage, heralded by the presence of glucose in the urine.

Understanding the link between insulin production, blood glucose levels, and kidney function is essential for recognizing the impact of diabetes on overall health.