If unrepaired, what effect can cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or cross-linked guanine residues have on cellular processes?

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and cross-linked guanine residues are forms of DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. CPDs are formed when two adjacent pyrimidine bases (cytosine or thymine) on the same strand of DNA are covalently bonded together, creating a four-membered ring structure. Cross-linked guanine residues occur when two guanine bases on opposing DNA strands form covalent bonds with each other.

There are several key cellular processes that could be affected by DNA damage, including: 1. DNA replication: The accurate duplication of genetic material during cell division relies on DNA replication. 2. Transcription: In order to synthesize proteins, the genetic code stored in DNA must be transcribed into RNA. 3. DNA repair: Cells have various mechanisms to repair damaged DNA and maintain genome integrity.

DNA damage can lead to several negative consequences if not repaired: 1. Disruption of DNA replication: Unrepaired CPDs and cross-linked guanine residues can impede the progression of DNA replication machinery, leading to replication fork stalling, collapse, or double-strand breaks. This can result in incomplete or inaccurate replication of genetic material, which may lead to mutations or chromosomal rearrangements. 2. Interference with transcription: DNA damage can cause RNA polymerase to stall during transcription, which may result in incomplete or faulty RNA transcripts. This can affect the proper synthesis and function of proteins. 3. Mutagenesis: If DNA damage is not repaired or is repaired erroneously, it can lead to permanent mutations in the DNA sequence, causing errors in transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. These mutations can potentially lead to various diseases, including cancer.

In conclusion, unrepaired cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and cross-linked guanine residues can have detrimental effects on cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, and DNA repair. The resulting disruptions can lead to incomplete or erroneous replication of genetic material, faulty transcription and protein synthesis, and permanent mutations in the DNA sequence, which can further contribute to disease development, including cancer.