The training of animals usually involves ________.

a. imprinting

b. classical conditioning

c. operant conditioning

d. cognitive learning

Imprinting is the way by which newborns identify their parents as the first organisms that they see after their birth. Therefore, it is not associated with training of animals. Hence, it is a incorrect option.

Classical conditioning is a type of conditioned response that was not previously associated with a conditioned stimulus but it was associated with unconditioned stimulus. Therefore, training of animals is not associated with classical conditioning. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

In operant conditioning, a conditioned response or behavior is modified by its consequences as the organism responds to stimuli. It forms the basis of animal training. Therefore, it is an correct option.

Cognitive learning involves processing information and responding to stimulus based on the available information. Therefore, it is not associated with training of animals. Hence, it is an incorrect option.