Describe amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, including the advantages and disadvantages of each. What are their medical uses?

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) are prenatal diagnostic tests that detect chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders in a fetus. Amniocentesis, performed between 15-20 weeks, involves extracting amniotic fluid from the uterus, while CVS, performed between 10-13 weeks, involves collecting a sample of chorionic villi from the placenta. Advantages of amniocentesis include high accuracy and a wider range of detectable disorders, but it has a slightly invasive procedure, increased miscarriage risk, and later diagnosis. CVS provides earlier diagnosis and high accuracy but is more invasive, has a higher miscarriage risk, and cannot detect neural tube defects. Both tests are used for diagnosing conditions such as Down syndrome and cystic fibrosis, with the choice depending on individual factors and healthcare provider recommendations.