What methods are used for transfecting a host cell with DNA?

Transfection, the process of introducing foreign DNA into a host cell, can be carried out using various methods. These include the calcium phosphate method, liposome-mediated transfection (lipofection), electroporation, viral transduction, microinjection, and biolistic particle delivery (gene gun). Each method has its advantages and considerations. The calcium phosphate method is an older, cost-effective technique suitable for multiple cell types. Lipofection uses lipid-based carriers and is easy to perform with low toxicity. Electroporation uses an electrical field and is highly efficient but can be damaging to sensitive cells. Viral transduction uses a modified virus as a vector, offering high efficiency but potential safety concerns. Microinjection is highly accurate and efficient but labor-intensive, whereas biolistic particle delivery is commonly used for plant cells and capable of transferring multiple genes at once. Thus, the choice of method depends on efficiency, cell type, and cost considerations.