List the major structures of all circulatory systems and the specific functions of vertebrate circulatory systems.

The major structures that are found in all circulatory systems are: 1. A circulatory fluid (blood for most animals or hemolymph in some invertebrates) - transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body. 2. A system of vessels (such as arteries, veins, and capillaries) - transports the circulatory fluid to and from cells and tissues. 3. A pump (in vertebrates, this is the heart) - powers the movement of the circulatory fluid through the vessels. Note that these structures can widely vary in complexity and specialization depending on the organism.

In vertebrates, the circulatory system has some additional specific functions: 1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport: Oxygen is carried by erythrocytes (red blood cells) using hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide is transported as a waste product from cellular respiration to be eliminated through exhalation. 2. Nutrient transport: The blood carries digested nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, and fats from the digestive system to all cells in the body, while wastes are transported to the excretory organs, such as the kidneys. 3. Hormone transport: Hormones produced by endocrine glands are transported through the bloodstream to their target cells and organs. 4. Immune system function: The circulatory system transports immune cells (leukocytes) and antibodies throughout the body to help protect against infections and diseases. 5. Thermoregulation: Blood helps to distribute heat throughout the body, maintaining a stable body temperature. 6. Transportation of waste products: Blood carries metabolic waste products including ammonia, urea, and uric acid from cells to the excretory organs for elimination. 7. Clotting and wound repair: Blood contains platelets, cells that initiate clotting in response to vessel damage, preventing excessive blood loss. In summary, the vertebrate circulatory system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by carrying out a variety of essential functions, including oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, nutrient delivery, hormone transportation, immune function, thermoregulation, waste product removal, and clotting and wound repair.