Distinguish between meristem cells and differentiated cells.

Plant cell differentiation is the process by which immature and unspecialized cells, known as meristematic cells, become mature cells with distinct structures and functions. Each plant cell starts its life as a meristematic cell which divides and expands. As these cells develop, they undergo physical and chemical changes tailored to their roles in the plant, such as photosynthesis, support, nutrient storage, or transport.

For instance, a stem cell in the meristem of a young leaf might differentiate into a specialized cell like a palisade parenchyma cell, which is heavily involved in photosynthesis. This process is controlled by genetic expression and influenced by various internal and environmental factors, ensuring that cells develop the right features to work efficiently within the plant's biological systems.

It's crucial for students to recognize that differentiation is directional; once a plant cell has differentiated, it typically cannot revert back to a meristematic state. However, some plants show remarkable plasticity through a process called dedifferentiation, where specialized cells can revert to a meristematic state under certain conditions, a testament to plant adaptability.

The structure of meristem cells is distinctively simple and yet perfectly poised for their primary role in growth and development. These cells, rich in protoplasm, are generally small with a large nucleus that facilitates the rapid cell division necessary for growth. Their primary cell walls are thin and flexible, allowing for expansion as the cells divide.

Meristem cells typically have small vacuoles or none at all, in contrast to differentiated cells that often contain larger central vacuoles. This highlights the meristem's focus on division over storage. The cytoplasm of these cells is dense with the machinery needed for cell division, like centrosomes and spindle fibres, which are absent in differentiated plant cells.

Students should envision the meristems as the plant's cellular 'construction sites' where all cells are initially shaped before being dispatched to different regions of the plant to mature and assume specific roles.

Once plant cells have differentiated, they take on specialized functions that are integral to the plant's survival and growth. The variety of these functions reflects the amazing diversity of forms and roles that cells can adopt.

Xylem cells, for instance, have toughened walls containing lignin, giving them the strength to support the plant and form efficient water-transporting vessels. Phloem cells, on the other hand, are adapted to transport sugars and other organic nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Guard cells, shaped to form stomata pores, play a key role in regulating gas exchange and water release in leaves. Parenchyma cells, perhaps the most versatile, can store nutrients and water, aid in photosynthesis, and help with injury recovery. Students should appreciate these specialized cells as vital components of a well-orchestrated biological system, with each cell type contributing to the plant's overall health and functionality.