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Chapter 17: Q17-9TYU (page 362)

Complete the following table:

Type of RNA

Functions

Messenger RNA(mRNA


Transfer RNA(tRNA)



A ribosome plays a structural role; as a ribozyme. Plays a catalytic role(catalyzed peptide bond formation)

Primary transcript


Small RNAs in the spliceosomes


Short Answer

Expert verified

Type of RNA

Functions

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

It carries information to code for the particular amino acid sequences that need to be produced in the ribosome.

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

It involves the process of protein synthesis and translates the mRNA into protein.

Ribosomal RNA

A ribosome plays a structural role as a ribozyme. It plays a catalytic role(catalyzed peptide bond formation).

Primary transcript

It is a precursor to mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. In introns, RNA performs the function of the ribozyme.

Small RNAs in the spliceosomes

It possesses structural and catalytic roles in the spliceosomes. It also involves the splicing of pre mRNA, which takes place by protein and RNA.

Step by step solution

01

Messenger RNA

mRNA is the transcript that is produced from the DNA via the process of transcription. It carries information to code for a protein sequence. m-RNA has to be converted into a mature form by removing the intron region to form the protein sequence.

02

Transfer RNA

Transfer RNA is the RNA that transfers the mature mRNA to the ribosome and assists in translation. The attachment of amino acids in a sequence is produced from the template mRNA. The translation is the process that produces protein products from the mRNA.

03

Ribosomal RNA

Ribosomal RNA is the component that produces ribosomes. A ribosome is the site of protein synthesis in which the protein products are synthesized. The ribosome consists of two units such as larger and smaller subunits.

04

Primary transcript

The primary transcript is the nascent mRNA that acts as a precursor for the different types of RNA, such as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Ribozyme is the enzyme that is made of an RNA transcript.

05

Small RNA in the spliceosomes

Small RNA is the catalytic and structural component in the spliceosomes. Protein and RNA is the unit that splices the pre-mRNA. pre-mRNA is nothing but the mRNA that is the end product of the transcription without any modifications.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In the sequence logo (bottom, left), the horizontal axis shows the primary sequence of the DNA by nucleotide position. Letters for each base are stacked on top of each other according to their relative frequency at that position among the aligned sequences, with the most common base as largest letter at the top of the stack. The height of each letter represents the relative frequency of that base at that position. (a) In the sequence alignment, count the number of each base at position-9 and order them from the most to least frequent. Compare this to the size and placement of each base -9 in the logo. (b) Do the same for position 0 and 1.

The height of a stack letters in a logo indicates the predictive power of the stack (determined statistically). If the stack is tall, we can be more confident in predicting what base will be in that position of a new sequence is added to the logo. For example, at position2 in the sequence alignment, all 10 sequences have a G: the probability of finding a G there in a new sequence is very high, as is the stack in the sequence logo. For short stacks, the bases all have about the same frequency, so it’s hard to predict would be at those positions. (a) Looking at the sequence logo, which two positions have the most predictable bases? What bases do you predict would be at those positions in a newly sequenced gene? (b) Which 12 positions have the least predictable bases? How do you know? How does this reflect the relative frequencies of the base shown at these positions in the sequence alignment? Use the two leftmost positions of the 12 as examples in your answer.

Some mutations result in proteins that function well at one temperature but are non-functional at a different (usually higher) temperature. Siamese cats have a "temperature-sensitive" mutation in a gene encoding an enzyme that makes dark pigment in the fur. The mutation results in the breed's distinctive point markings and lighter body color (see the photo). Using this information and what you learned in the chapter, explain the pattern of the cat's fur pigmentation.

Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

  1. a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene

  2. a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron

  3. a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence

  4. a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence.

The template strand of a gene includes this sequence:

3’-TACTTGTCCGATATC-5’. It is mutated to

3’-TACTTGTCCAATATC-5’. For both wild-type and mutant sequences, draw the double-stranded DNA, the resulting mRNA, and the amino acid sequence each encodes. What is the effect of the mutation on the amino acid sequence?
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