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Chapter 34: Q34.3-3CC. (page 728)

Redraw Figure 34.2 to show four lineages: cyclostomes, lancelets, gnathostomes, and tunicates. Label the vertebrate common ancestor and circle the lineage that includes humans.

Short Answer

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The evolutionary history of a species is referred to as phylogeny. It's a hypothetical relationship that compares different species groups. It is generally represented as a phylogenetic tree.

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01

Phylogeny 

The evolutionary history of a species is referred to as phylogeny. It's a hypothetical relationship that compares different species groups. It is generally represented as a phylogenetic tree.

02

Phylogeny of living chordates

Chordates are a group of animals that includes vertebrates like humans. The vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals), cephalochordates (known as amphioxus or lancelets), and tunicates (urochordates) are the three subgroups of living chordates.

03

Phylogeny with four lineages

A phylogeny is made showing the four lineages cyclostomes, lancelets, gnathostomes, and tunicates. Humans belong to gnathostomes that evolved from a common vertebrate ancestor, as shown in the phylogeny.

Gnathosomes circled in the phylogeny are the only clade whose members have jaws.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

MAKE CONNECTIONS Develop a hypothesis to explain why the diversity of mammals increased in the Cenozoic. Your explanation should consider mammalian adaptations as well as factors such as mass extinctions and continental drift (review Concept 25.4).

You are a chordate, yet you lack most of the main derived characters of chordates. Explain.

Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair.

(A) the chordates and the tetrapods

(B) the urochordates and the cephalochordates

(C) the cyclostomes and the gnathostomes

(D) the marsupials and the eutherians

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • DRAW IT As a consequence of size alone, larger organisms tend to have larger brains than smaller organisms. However, some organisms have brains that are considerably larger than expected for their size. There are high energetic costs associated with the development and maintenance of brains that are large relative to body size.

(a) The fossil record documents trends in which brains that are large relative to body size evolved in certain lineages, including hominins. In such lineages, what can you infer about the costs and benefits of large brains?

(b) Hypothesize how natural selection might favor the evolution of large brains despite their high maintenance costs.

(c) Data for 14 bird species are listed below. Graph the data, placing deviation from expected brain size on the x-axis and mortality rate on the y-axis. What can you conclude about the relationship between brain size and mortality?

As described in the Scientific Skills Exercise for Chapter 32, the formula for a correlation coefficient isr=1n-1∑(xi-x)¯(yi-y¯)sxsy

Fill in the column in the data table for the product(xi - x¯)×(yi - y¯). Use these values and the standard deviations calculated in question 1 to calculate the correlation coefficient rbetween the brain volume of hominin species (y) and the ages of those species (x).
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