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Chapter 13: Problem 8

When the amino acid sequences of insulin isolated from different organisms were determined, differences were noted. For example, alanine was substituted for threonine, serine for glycine, and valine for isoleucine at corresponding positions in the protein. List the single-base changes that could occur in codons of the genetic code to produce these amino acid changes.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: 1. Alanine (A) for Threonine (T): - GCU to ACU - GCC to ACC - GCA to ACA - GCG to ACG 2. Serine (S) for Glycine (G): - GGU to AGU - GGC to AGC - GGA to UCA - GGG to UCG 3. Valine (V) for Isoleucine (I): - GUU to AUU - GUC to AUC - GUA to AUA

Step by step solution

01

Find the codons for the given amino acids

To determine the possible single-base changes, we first need to identify the codons for the amino acids mentioned in the problem. The codons for the amino acids are as follows: Alanine (Ala, A): GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG Threonine (Thr, T): ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG Serine (Ser, S): UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC Glycine (Gly, G): GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG Valine (Val, V): GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG Isoleucine (Ile, I): AUU, AUC, AUA
02

Identify possible single-base changes for each amino acid substitution

Now let's look at each amino acid substitution and find the possible single-base changes that could produce the given substitution: 1. Alanine (A) for Threonine (T): Possible single-base changes: GCU to ACU, GCC to ACC, GCA to ACA, GCG to ACG 2. Serine (S) for Glycine (G): Possible single-base changes: GGU to AGU, GGC to AGC, GGA to UCA, GGG to UCG 3. Valine (V) for Isoleucine (I): Possible single-base changes: GUU to AUU, GUC to AUC, GUA to AUA
03

Organize the results

Finally, let's list down the single-base changes that would result in the given amino acid substitutions: 1. Alanine (A) for Threonine (T): - GCU to ACU - GCC to ACC - GCA to ACA - GCG to ACG 2. Serine (S) for Glycine (G): - GGU to AGU - GGC to AGC - GGA to UCA - GGG to UCG 3. Valine (V) for Isoleucine (I): - GUU to AUU - GUC to AUC - GUA to AUA These are the single-base changes in codons that could produce the given amino acid substitutions in the insulin protein.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A glycine residue is in position 210 of the tryptophan synthetase enzyme of wild-type \(E .\) coli. If the codon specifying glycine is GGA, how many single- base substitutions will result in an amino acid substitution at position \(210 ?\) What are they? How many will result if the wild-type codon is GGU?

Describe the role of two forms of RNA editing that lead to changes in the size and sequence of pre-mRNAs. Briefly describe several examples of each form of editing, including their impact on respective protein products.

Describe the structure of RNA polymerase in bacteria. What is the core enzyme? What is the role of the \(\sigma\) subunit?

The concept of consensus sequences of DNA was defined in this chapter as sequences that are similar (homologous) in different genes of the same organism or in genes of different organisms. Examples were the Pribnow box and the -35 region in prokaryotes and the TATA-box region in eukaryotes. One study found that among 73 isolates from the virus HIV-Type \(1 \mathrm{C}\) (a major contributor to the AIDS epidemic), a GGGNNNNNCC consensus sequence exists (where \(\mathrm{N}\) equals any nitrogenous base) in the promoter-enhancer region of the \(\mathrm{NF}-\kappa \mathrm{B}\) transcription factor, a cis- acting element that is critical for initiating HIV transcription in human macrophages (Novitsky et al., 2002 ). The authors contend that finding this and other conserved sequences may be of value in designing an AIDS vaccine. What advantages would knowing these consensus sequences confer? Are there disadvantages as a vaccine is designed?

Review the Chapter Concepts list on \(\mathrm{p} .342 .\) These all center around how genetic information is stored in DNA and transferred to RNA prior to translation into proteins. Write a short essay that summarizes the key properties of the genetic code and the process by which \(\mathrm{RNA}\) is transcribed on a DNA template.
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