List the functions of kinases and cyclins, and describe how they interact to cause cells to move through the cell cycle.

Kinases are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from high-energy molecules (such as ATP) to specific target molecules in a process called phosphorylation. Cyclins are a family of proteins that regulate the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are a type of kinase. Both kinases and cyclins play crucial roles in the progression of the cell cycle.

Kinases play an essential role in the cell cycle by regulating the progression through various stages. Some specific functions of kinases in the cell cycle are: - Activation of key proteins and signaling pathways involved in the cell cycle - Regulation of DNA replication, ensuring that it occurs only once per cell cycle - Control of checkpoints in response to DNA damage or incomplete replication - Initiation and coordination of mitosis, which leads to cell division

Cyclins are responsible for regulating the activity of CDKs by forming complexes with them. The major functions of cyclins in the cell cycle include: - Controlling the activation of CDKs by binding to them, ensuring a specific order of events during the cell cycle - Facilitating the degradation of specific target proteins to ensure proper timing of cell cycle events - Ensuring that CDK activity only occurs at specific stages of the cell cycle, preventing premature or inappropriate progression

The interaction between kinases and cyclins is vital for proper cell cycle progression. The main interactions between kinases and cyclins during the cell cycle are as follows: - Cyclin levels rise and fall throughout the cell cycle, ensuring that CDK activation only occurs at specific times. When cyclin levels are high, the cyclin binds to its corresponding CDK, forming an active complex. - The active cyclin-CDK complex phosphorylates specific target proteins responsible for cell cycle progression. - Phosphorylated target proteins initiate processes such as DNA replication or mitosis, causing the cell to move through specific cell cycle stages. - Once the cell completes a stage, the corresponding cyclin is degraded, causing the CDK to become inactive again. This inactivation prevents further cell cycle progression until a new cyclin binds to the CDK, allowing the cell to move to the next stage. This interplay between kinases and cyclins creates a tightly regulated system that ensures proper cell cycle progression and prevents errors that may lead to genomic instability or cell death.