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Chapter 22: Problem 12

What limits the use of differences in restriction enzyme sites as a way of detecting point mutations in human genes?

Short Answer

Expert verified
In summary, using differences in restriction enzyme sites to detect point mutations in human genes is limited due to several factors. These limitations include: most point mutations not occurring within the palindromic sequences recognized by restriction enzymes; the large genome size of humans; the restricted number of recognized sites by the thousands of known restriction enzymes; and the difficulty in detecting heterozygous mutations. Therefore, while restriction enzymes can be useful in detecting some specific mutations, their effectiveness in tracking point mutations in human genes is limited.

Step by step solution

01

Restriction Enzymes Basics

Restriction enzymes are proteins that recognize and cut specific DNA sequences. They are naturally produced by bacteria as a defense mechanism against foreign DNA. In molecular biology, they are widely used as tools for cloning, genetic engineering and DNA analysis.
02

Point Mutations

Point mutations are single nucleotide changes in a DNA sequence. There are three types of point mutations: Silent mutations, which do not change the amino acid; Missense mutations, which change the amino acid to another amino acid; and Nonsense mutations, which change the coding triplet to a stop codon.
03

Limitation 1: Palindromic Sequences

Restriction enzymes recognize specific palindromic sequences in the DNA, meaning that the sequence reads the same in the 5' to 3' direction on both strands. If a point mutation occurs within a site recognized by a specific restriction enzyme, it could disrupt the recognition site and prevent the enzyme from binding and cutting the DNA. However, many point mutations do not occur within these specific palindromic sequences and will not affect the restriction sites, making them difficult to detect using this method.
04

Limitation 2: Large Genome Size

Human genes are spread throughout a genome that is over 3 billion base pairs long. This size creates a challenge in locating and analyzing specific genes and their corresponding restriction enzyme sites. And since restriction enzymes recognize only specific sequences, detecting point mutations that do not alter a known restriction site may not be possible using this approach.
05

Limitation 3: Limited Number of Recognized Sites

Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences, and there are thousands of different restriction enzymes known, each recognizing a unique site. However, not every possible DNA sequence has a corresponding restriction enzyme that recognizes it. As a result, the inability of a restriction enzyme to recognize a specific mutation site can limit its use in detecting point mutations.
06

Limitation 4: Difficulty in Detecting Heterozygous Mutations

In cases where an individual has two different alleles of a gene (heterozygous), detecting a point mutation with restriction enzymes becomes more difficult. This is because the presence of the normal, non-mutated allele may mask the effects of the mutation, leading to a false negative result. Overall, while restriction enzymes have their utility in detecting specific mutations that alter recognized sites, there are limitations - such as the presence of point mutations outside of recognized sequences, the complex and large human genome, the limited number of recognized sites, and the challenge of detecting heterozygous mutations - that restrict their effectiveness in tracking point mutations in human genes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Sequencing the human genome and the development of microarray technology promise to improve our understanding of normal and abnormal cell behavior. How are microarrays dramatically changing our understanding of complex diseases such as cancer?

What is the main purpose of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)? How can information from GWAS be used to inform scientists and physicians about genetic diseases?

Private companies are now offering personal DNA sequencing along with interpretation. What services do they offer? Do you think that these services should be regulated, and if so, in what way?

There are more than 1000 cloned farm animals in the United States. In the near future, milk from cloned cows and their offspring (born naturally) may be available in supermarkets. These cloned animals have not been transgenically modified, and they are no different than identical twins. Should milk from such animals and their natural-born offspring be labeled as coming from cloned cows or their descendants? Why?

In this chapter, we focused on a number of interesting applications of genetic engineering, genomics, and biotechnology. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions: (a) What experimental evidence confirms that we have introduced a useful gene into a transgenic organism and that it performs as we anticipate? (b) How can we use DNA analysis to determine that a human fetus has sickle- cell anemia? (c) How can DNA microarray analysis be used to identify specific genes that are being expressed in a specific tissue? (d) How are GWAS carried out, and what information do they provide? (e) What are some of the technical reasons why gene therapy is difficult to carry out effectively?
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