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Chapter 5: Problem 22

What does the apparent need for dosage compensation mechanisms suggest about the expression of genetic information in normal diploid individuals?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: Dosage compensation is crucial for the proper expression of genetic information, especially in diploid individuals, because it equalizes the expression of genes located on sex chromosomes between the different sexes. This ensures that both sexes have similarly regulated levels of key gene products, preventing imbalances in gene expression that could lead to harmful consequences in cell function and regulation. By maintaining the proper balance of genetic information, dosage compensation mechanisms contribute to the healthy development and functioning of diploid organisms.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the concept of dosage compensation

Dosage compensation is a mechanism that organisms use to equalize the expression of genes located on sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes in mammals) between the different sexes. In mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). This means that there is a potential for females to have twice the amount of genetic material from the X chromosome compared to males. Dosage compensation mechanisms adjust gene expression levels so that the two sexes have similar levels of key gene products.
02

Recognize the potential issue in the absence of dosage compensation

If an organism lacks dosage compensation mechanisms, there might be substantial differences in gene expression levels between the sexes. This could lead to imbalances in the amounts of specific gene products, which could impact the development and functioning of the organism. For example, increased gene expression from the X chromosome in females might lead to harmful consequences for cell function or regulation that could create an imbalance in cellular processes.
03

Understand the implication for normal diploid individuals

The apparent need for dosage compensation mechanisms suggests that the expression of genetic information in normal diploid individuals needs to be tightly regulated. Without proper control, imbalances in gene expression levels can lead to potentially detrimental consequences in the development and function of the organism. Thus, dosage compensation mechanisms play a crucial role in ensuring the proper balance of genetic information between the sexes in diploid organisms.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Review the Chapter Concepts list on p. \(83 .\) These all center on sex determination or the expression of genes encoded on sex chromosomes. Write a short essay that discusses sex chromosomes as they contrast with autosomes.

Describe how nondisjunction in human female gametes can give rise to Klinefelter and Turner syndrome offspring following fertilization by a normal male gamete.

An insect species is discovered in which the heterogametic sex is unknown. An X-linked recessive mutation for reduced wing (rw) is discovered. Contrast the \(F_{1}\) and \(F_{2}\) generations from a cross between a female with reduced wings and a male with normalsized wings when (a) the female is the heterogametic sex. (b) the male is the heterogametic sex.

When cows have twin calves of unlike sex (fraternal twins), the female twin is usually sterile and has masculinized reproductive organs. This calf is referred to as a freemartin. In cows, twins may share a common placenta and thus fetal circulation. Predict why a freemartin develops.

As related to sex determination, what is meant by (a) homomorphic and heteromorphic chromosomes; and (b) homogametic sex and heterogametic sex?
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