Distinguish between proofreading and mismatch repair.

Proofreading is a process that occurs during DNA replication, where DNA polymerase checks the accuracy of the nucleotide bases it has added to the new strand of DNA. If an incorrect nucleotide has been added, DNA polymerase detects the error, removes the incorrect nucleotide, and replaces it with the correct one.

Mismatch repair is a separate process that occurs after DNA replication has been completed. Proteins involved in mismatch repair recognize any errors in the new DNA strand that were not corrected during proofreading, e.g., mismatched base pairs or small insertions/deletions. These proteins then excise the incorrectly paired section of DNA and replace it with the correct nucleotides, using the original DNA strand as a template.

One primary difference between proofreading and mismatch repair is the timing of the processes. Proofreading occurs during DNA replication, whereas mismatch repair takes place after replication has been completed.

Another significant difference is the enzymes involved in each process. In proofreading, DNA polymerase carries out both the synthesis of the new DNA strand and the correcting of any errors. In mismatch repair, a separate set of proteins, such as MutS, MutL, and MutH in bacteria or MSH and MLH proteins in eukaryotes, are responsible for detecting and fixing errors in the new DNA strand.

Finally, the mechanisms of error correction also differ. In proofreading, DNA polymerase identifies and corrects errors through its 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, which removes the mispaired nucleotide and allows the polymerase to continue synthesis. In contrast, mismatch repair proteins replace a longer segment of the new DNA strand, including the incorrect nucleotide, by excising it and then resynthesizing the correct sequence using the original DNA strand as a template. In summary, proofreading and mismatch repair are two distinct processes that help maintain the accuracy of DNA replication. Proofreading occurs during replication and is performed by DNA polymerase, whereas mismatch repair takes place after replication has been completed, and involves a separate set of proteins. Both processes contribute to the overall fidelity of DNA replication and help prevent the accumulation of mutations in the genome.