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Chapter 22: Q20CP (page 798)
How is obesity related to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus?
Obesity increases insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients by increasing blood glucose concentration.
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High concentrations of free fatty acids in the blood are known to cause insulin resistance in muscle, but only after 5 hours. This suggests that a metabolite of the fatty acids may be responsible for this phenomenon. It is also known that an isoform of protein kinase C is activated during the process and that high concentrations of free fatty acids result in intramuscular accumulation of triacylglycerols. With this information, review the mechanism of activation of PKC and the pathway of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and suggest a metabolite that may be responsible for PKC activation.
Distinguish insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
How do glucagon and epinephrine affect fuel metabolism in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue?
The heart cannot convert lactate back to glucose, as the liver does, but instead uses it as a fuel. What is the ATP yield from the complete catabolism of one mole of lactate?
Without looking at the text, draw diagrams of these two metabolic cycles.
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