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Chapter 12: Problem 21

Which of the following co-signaling molecules involved in programming of peripheral tolerance? a. CTLA-4 b. BTLA c. PD-1 d. all of the above

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: d. all of the above (CTLA-4, BTLA, PD-1)

Step by step solution

01

Information about co-signaling molecules

In the context of the immune system, co-signaling molecules are cell surface proteins that modulate the activity of immune cells. They can either promote or inhibit the activation of these cells. Peripheral tolerance refers to the mechanisms that help to ensure that the immune system does not mistakenly attack the body's own cells and tissues.
02

Understanding the role of CTLA-4

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a co-inhibitory molecule that downregulates the immune response, thus playing a role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. It regulates T cell activation by competing with the co-stimulatory molecule CD28 for binding to its ligands, B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86).
03

Understanding the role of BTLA

B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA) is another co-inhibitory molecule that is expressed on T cells, B cells, and other immune cells. BTLA negatively regulates T-cell activation by interacting with its ligand, herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). Its involvement helps maintain peripheral tolerance.
04

Understanding the role of PD-1

Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, and other immune cells. Interaction of PD-1 with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, inhibits T cell activation, thus contributing to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance.
05

Identifying the correct answer

Now that we've gone through the roles of CTLA-4, BTLA, and PD-1, and we know that all of them are co-signaling molecules involved in the programming of peripheral tolerance, we can choose the correct answer. The correct answer is: d. all of the above

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which of the following cell types belong to stromal compartment of lymph nodes? a. Fibroblastic reticular cells b. Sinus endothelial cells c. High endothelial cells d. T cells e. B cells f. DCs

Which of the following cell types exist in thymus? a. thymic epithelial cells b. dendritic cells c. macrophages d. CD3-CD4-CD8- cells e. \(\mathrm{CD} 3+\mathrm{CD} 4+\mathrm{CD} 8+\) cells f. CD3+CD4+ cells g. CD3+ CD8+ cells h. CD3+CD4+CD25+ cells i. all of the above

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Briefly summarize the major requirements for \(\boldsymbol{B}\) cells differentiation and antibody production.

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