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Chapter 15: Problem 1

What is a cytokine?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: A cytokine is a small protein released by cells that has a specific effect on cell interactions, communication, and behavior. The primary functions of cytokines include regulating the immune response, controlling cell growth and differentiation, and promoting wound healing and tissue repair. They play a crucial role in inflammation and defense against infections, as well as in the development and maintenance of immune cells and regulation of blood vessel formation.

Step by step solution

01

Definition

A cytokine is a small protein released by cells that has a specific effect on the interactions between cells, communication between cells, or the behavior of cells. Cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells.
02

Types of Cytokines

Cytokines can be categorized into several types, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and growth factors. Interleukins are produced by and act on leukocytes, whereas interferons have antiviral and immunoregulatory functions. Tumor necrosis factors have an essential role in inflammation and control of cell proliferation, while growth factors stimulate cell growth and differentiation.
03

Functions

The primary functions of cytokines are to regulate the immune response, control cell growth and differentiation, and promote wound healing and tissue repair. They play a crucial role in inflammation through communication between immune cells, which helps coordinate the defense against infections. Cytokines are also involved in the development and maintenance of immune cells, as well as in the regulation of blood vessel formation.
04

Regulation

Cytokines work in a complex network and their function is tightly regulated. They can act in an autocrine manner (affecting the same cell that produces them), a paracrine manner (affecting nearby cells), or an endocrine manner (affecting distant cells). The regulation of cytokine production and their effects depend on the presence of other cytokines, specific cell surface receptors, and a variety of signaling pathways within the cells.
05

Dysregulation

Dysregulation of cytokines can lead to various diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In these cases, the overproduction or lack of specific cytokines can result in an imbalance in the immune system and the body's ability to fight off infections or control cell growth. Consequently, new therapies targeting cytokines and their signaling pathways are being developed to treat these diseases.

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