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Chapter 26: Problem 9

Name the three theories about the detrimental role of inflammation in \(\mathbf{P D}\) and explain their respective basis.

Short Answer

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ad to the production of harmful substances and immune cells that can access the brain and damage dopaminergic neurons, thus promoting the development of PD symptoms. This theory not only highlights the involvement of the brain's immune response, but also underscores the importance of peripheral immune processes and gut-brain crosstalk in the development of Parkinson's Disease. The systemic inflammation theory suggests that targeting and reducing systemic inflammation could potentially have a positive impact on delaying or preventing the onset of PD.

Step by step solution

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1. Chronic inflammation theory

Chronic inflammation theory suggests that long-term inflammation within the brain leads to the death of dopaminergic neurons, which causes the development of Parkinson's Disease symptoms. This theory mainly focuses on the key role of microglia cells, which become activated in response to neuronal injury and release pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Over time, this chronic inflammation can contribute significantly to the degradation of the nigrostriatal pathway, where these dopaminergic neurons reside, leading to the progression of PD.
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2. Infection-related inflammation theory

Infection-related inflammation theory postulates that certain infections, such as viral or bacterial infections, can trigger an inflammatory response in the brain and may also directly or indirectly damage dopaminergic neurons, resulting in PD symptoms. According to this theory, the mechanism of action involves the activation of microglial cells and the production of inflammatory cytokine release, similar to the chronic inflammation theory. However, the main difference is that this theory emphasizes the role of infection as an initiating factor, which means that eliminating or controlling the infection could potentially prevent or slow down the development of PD.
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3. Systemic inflammation theory

The systemic inflammation theory suggests that inflammation outside the brain, particularly gut inflammation, can contribute to the progression of Parkinson's Disease. Under this theory, it is believed that inflammation in the gut can le

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What are the similarities and differences in the inflammatory response among \(\mathrm{PD}\), the various parkinsonian syndromes, and the common experimental models of PD?

Glial cells can exacerbate neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease by? a. Losing their ability to assist neighboring neurons. b. Accelerating the demise of compromised neurons. c. A process of indiscriminate toxicity. d. Decreasing extracellular glutamate levels. e. \(\mathrm{a}, \mathrm{b}\) and \(\mathrm{c}\)

Which statement about experimental models of Parkinson's disease is true? a. Both genetic and toxic models exist, but only the former are commonly used. b. Inflammation has been described in all popular models of Parkinson's disease. c. The MPTP monkey model suggests that an acute intoxication produces an acute neurodegenerative event that is completed in a few days. d. The MPTP mouse model suggests that the toxin peosokes inflammation, which, in turn, kills dopaminergic neurons. e. Neuronophagia which suggests ongoing inflammation has been described in genetics, but not in toxic models of Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Inflammation can exert both beneficial and detrimental effects. b. Most experimental models favor the beneficial role of inflammation c. The detrimental role of inflammation in Parkinson's disease is due to the disease-related impairment of glial functions vital to neurons. d. Contrary to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes play no role in Parkinson's disease. e. Three different theories have been proposed to explain how inflammation may support the sarvival of dopaminergic neurons.

Which of the following statements is true about inflammation in Parkinson's disease? a. Free neuromelanin fails to activate microglia. b. Astrocytosis is as robust as microgliosis. c. The propensity of the different dopaminergic structures to degenerate in Parkinson's disease correlates with the basal density of glial cells. d. Both prostaglandin and alpha-synuclein count among the factors potentially responsible for triggering inflammation in Parkinson's disease. e. It is proven that prenatal infection and subsequent inflammation predispose one to Parkinson's disease.
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