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Chapter 35: Problem 14

Animal models of depressive disorders include a. learned helplessness b. forced swim test c. chronic mild stress d. tail suspension test e. all of the above

Short Answer

Expert verified
Short Answer: All of the listed options (learned helplessness, forced swim test, chronic mild stress, and tail suspension test) are valid and widely accepted animal models of depressive disorders. Therefore, the correct answer is all of the above.

Step by step solution

01

Analyze option a: Learned Helplessness

Learned helplessness is an animal model of depression where animals are exposed to an uncontrollable and inescapable stressor, leading them to develop a state of helplessness. This model is considered valid as it demonstrates several features characteristic of human depression, such as decreased motivation, feelings of helplessness, and disrupted sleep patterns. Therefore, this option is a valid animal model of depressive disorders.
02

Analyze option b: Forced Swim Test

The forced swim test (FST) is a widely used animal model of depression. In this test, animals are exposed to a situation in which they are forced to swim in a confined space for a certain period without the possibility of escape. After an initial period of vigorous activity, the animals adopt an immobile position, which is considered as a measure of the behavioral despair related to depressive states. The FST has been shown to reliably predict the efficacy of antidepressant treatments. Thus, this option is also a valid animal model of depressive disorders.
03

Analyze option c: Chronic Mild Stress

Chronic mild stress (CMS) is another well-established animal model of depression. In the CMS model, animals are exposed to a series of unpredictable mild stressors for an extended period. This exposure results in an array of behavioral, neurochemical, and physiological changes that resemble the symptoms of depression in humans. This model is particularly useful for studying the long-term effects of stress on depression and the mechanisms underlying this condition. Therefore, option c is a valid animal model of depressive disorders.
04

Analyze option d: Tail Suspension Test

The tail suspension test (TST) is an animal model used to evaluate the depressive-like behavior in rodents. In this test, the rodents are suspended by their tails for a certain period, during which they engage in escape-oriented behaviors. The duration of immobility in the TST is considered an indicator of behavioral despair and is sensitive to the effects of antidepressant treatments. Similar to the FST, the TST has been widely used for screening new antidepressant drugs. Hence, option d is also a valid animal model of depressive disorders.
05

Determine the correct answer

After analyzing each option, we can conclude that all the listed options (a. learned helplessness, b. forced swim test, c. chronic mild stress, d. tail suspension test) are valid and widely accepted animal models of depressive disorders. Therefore, the correct answer to the exercise is e. all of the above.

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