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Chapter 37: Problem 12

Inhibition of \(\mathrm{T}\) cell responses is observed for which of the following drugs of abuse? a. Morphine b. \(\Delta^{9}-\mathrm{THC}\) c. Cocaine d. All of the above e. None of the above

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: d. All of the above (Morphine, Δ9-THC, Cocaine)

Step by step solution

01

Understanding T cell responses

T cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They help fight off infections and diseases. In this exercise, we need to determine which drug(s) can inhibit the T cell responses.
02

Investigate the effect of Morphine on T cell responses

Morphine is an opioid drug that is known to have immunosuppressive effects. It has been shown to inhibit T cell proliferation and function, which can weaken the immune response to infections. Therefore, Morphine does inhibit T cell responses.
03

Investigate the effect of Δ9-THC on T cell responses

Δ9-THC is the psychoactive compound found in marijuana. Like Morphine, it also has immunosuppressive effects. Research has shown that Δ9-THC can inhibit T cell proliferation and function, leading to a weakened immune response. Therefore, Δ9-THC also inhibits T cell responses.
04

Investigate the effect of Cocaine on T cell responses

Cocaine is a stimulant drug that can negatively impact the immune system as well. Studies have found that Cocaine can impair T cell function and reduce their ability to fight infections. Thus, Cocaine inhibits T cell responses as well.
05

Determine the correct answer

Based on our investigation, we can see that Morphine, Δ9-THC, and Cocaine all inhibit T cell responses. Therefore, the correct answer is: d. All of the above

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Morphine and/or DAMGO treatment results in decreases in which of the following? a. Apoptosis b. Pro-inflammatory chemokine production c. Serum antibody responses d. TGF- \(\beta\) e. All of the above

Both opioids and cannabinoids have been shown to sensitize animals to a variety of experimental infections. The impact of drugs of abuse on resistance to infectious agents can be difficult to evaluate because: a. Drug abuse rarely involves the administration of a single drug, and the effects of poly-drug abuse are poorly understood. b. Drug abusers are exposed more frequently to pathogenic agents than non- abusers. c. A number of additional factors, which are hard to control, impact on measurement of the immune competence of drug abusers, including the dose of the drug and the time since it was last taken. d. The contributions of legal drug use, including nicotine and alcohol, can complicate the effects of illegal drug abuse. e. All of the above.

All of the following influence the effect of opioids on susceptibility to HIV infection EXCEPT: a. Opioids alter the expression of chemokine receptors that are co-receptors for HIV-1. b. Opioids increase the expression of some chemokines, which may promote the attraction of additional susceptible target cells for HIV infection. c. Opioids increase the expression of chemokines, which, for an individual cell, may block viral replication by blockading the chemokine coreceptor. d. Opioids alter the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, and this would be expected to significantly alter the kinetics of the infection. e. Opioids would be expected to alter the expression of cytokines that may, in turn, alter the replication rate of the virus in monocytes and \(\mathrm{T}\) cells.

The function of G protein-coupled receptors, such as the opioid and cannabinoid receptors, can be regulated by the process of heterologous desensitization. Which of the following statements is true about this regulatory mechanism? a. This process occurs when the activation of one receptor leads to an increased expression of a second receptor. b. This process only occurs between receptors expressed on the surfaces of adjacent cells. c. This process cannot occur between receptors expressed on the same cell. d. This is a process that appears to involve transphophorylation of \(G\) protein-coupled receptors. e. All of the above

In regard to the immune system, morphine has been shown to: a. Elevate antibody responses to various antigens. b. Elevate responses to the B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). c. Elevate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. d. Increase phagocytosis by macrophages. e. Depress natural killer \((\mathrm{NK})\) cell activity.
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