All of the following influence the effect of opioids on susceptibility to HIV infection EXCEPT: a. Opioids alter the expression of chemokine receptors that are co-receptors for HIV-1. b. Opioids increase the expression of some chemokines, which may promote the attraction of additional susceptible target cells for HIV infection. c. Opioids increase the expression of chemokines, which, for an individual cell, may block viral replication by blockading the chemokine coreceptor. d. Opioids alter the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, and this would be expected to significantly alter the kinetics of the infection. e. Opioids would be expected to alter the expression of cytokines that may, in turn, alter the replication rate of the virus in monocytes and \(\mathrm{T}\) cells.

Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors and produce morphine-like effects. They are widely used for pain relief but also have significant effects on immune cells. Chemokines are small proteins that act as signaling molecules, attracting and activating immune cells to the site of infection. Chemokine receptors are found on the surface of immune cells, and they are essential for immune cell migration in response to chemokines.

HIV is a virus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. HIV infection impairs the immune system, making the infected person more vulnerable to various infections and diseases. The virus primarily enters the target cell through the CD4 receptor and a chemokine co-receptor.

a. Opioids altering the expression of chemokine receptors that are co-receptors for HIV-1 makes sense because it would affect the ability of the virus to enter immune cells. b. Opioids increasing the expression of chemokines that attract more susceptible target cells is reasonable because it would increase the number of cells available for the virus to target. c. Opioids increasing the expression of chemokines that block viral replication by blockading the chemokine coreceptor sounds plausible as it would affect the progression of the infection. d. Opioids altering the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and affecting the kinetics of the infection seem unrelated as neutrophils are not the primary target for HIV infection, and their phagocytic activity doesn't directly impact HIV infection. e. Opioids altering the expression of cytokines that affect the replication rate of the virus in monocytes and T cells is expected as cytokines play essential roles in controlling viral infections.

Based on the evaluation of each option, it's clear that option (d) is the exception, as altering the phagocytic activity of neutrophils does not directly affect susceptibility to HIV infection.