Log out Go to App
Go to App

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 41: Problem 12

What is correct about the "Trojan Horse" model of HIV invasion into the CNS? a. Proposes that monocyte-macrophage carry progeny virions from blood to the brain inside cytoplasmic vacuoles and across the blood-brain barrier b. Requires an inflammatory response in the brain, which elicits a chemokine gradient c. After infiltrating the brain parenchyma, blood borne monocyte-macrophages also release additional chemokines and further attract additional inflammatory cells d. Does not require productive viral replication in brain microvascular endothelial cells e. All of the above

Short Answer

Expert verified
A. The model proposes that monocyte-macrophages carry progeny virions from the blood to the brain inside cytoplasmic vacuoles and across the blood-brain barrier. B. The Trojan Horse model requires an inflammatory response in the brain, eliciting a chemokine gradient. C. After infiltrating the brain parenchyma, blood-borne monocyte-macrophages also release additional chemokines and further attract additional inflammatory cells. D. The Trojan Horse model does not require productive viral replication in brain microvascular endothelial cells. E. All of the above. Answer: E. All of the above.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Trojan Horse Model of HIV Invasion into the CNS

The Trojan Horse model describes how HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) by using monocyte-macrophages as carriers, which cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver the virus into the CNS.
02

Evaluate Option A

Option A states that this model proposes monocyte-macrophages carry progeny virions from the blood to the brain inside cytoplasmic vacuoles and across the blood-brain barrier. This is in line with the Trojan Horse model, as it highlights the role of monocyte-macrophages in HIV invasion into the CNS.
03

Evaluate Option B

Option B states that the Trojan Horse model requires an inflammatory response in the brain, eliciting a chemokine gradient. This is also correct because the inflammatory response is necessary for monocyte-macrophages to be attracted to the site of infection and subsequently infiltrate the CNS.
04

Evaluate Option C

Option C says that after infiltrating the brain parenchyma, blood-borne monocyte-macrophages also release additional chemokines and further attract additional inflammatory cells. This is true, as it adds to the inflammatory reaction and allows the spread of the infection within the CNS.
05

Evaluate Option D

Option D claims that the Trojan Horse model does not require productive viral replication in brain microvascular endothelial cells. This is also correct, as the primary focus of the model is on the role of monocyte-macrophages carrying the virus, rather than viral replication within the CNS.
06

Choose the Correct Answer

Since all options A, B, C, and D are consistent with the Trojan Horse model of HIV invasion into the CNS, the correct answer is option E, which states that all of the above are correct.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Start your free trial

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

What is not correct in regards to a diagnosis of HIVassociated dementia? a. HAD is a diagnosis of exclusion b. HIV does elicit an inflammatory response. This can be detected by mild lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevation of total protein, increase of total IgG, and/or the presence of oligoclonal bands c. HAD is always associated with a concurrent diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy d. HAD almost always is associated with \(\mathrm{CD}^{+} \mathrm{T}\) cell counts of less than 600 e. The clinical manifestations of HAD include behavioral, cognitive, and/or motor abnormalities

Which of the following drug classes are not currently licensed for the treatment of HIV disease? a. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors b. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors c. Protease inhibitors d. Entry inhibitors e. Inhibitors of viral maturation

Abacavir plus lamivudine plus zidovudine, which is commercially available as a fixed combination in a single tablet, has inferior rates of viral suppression and should only be used when an NNRTI or a PI-based regimen cannot or should not be used as first line of therapy. True/False

Which of the following combinations will not be recommended for first line therapy in a patient with HIV associated dementia? a. Zidovudine plus lamivudine plus efavirenz b. Tenofovir plus emtricitabine plus lopinavir/ritonavir c. Tenofovir plus emtricitabine plus atazanavir/ritonavir d. Lamivudine plus abacavir plus fosamprenavir e. Zidovudine plus lamivudine plus abacavir

A patient with HIV-associated dementia receiving antiretroviral therapy presents with a burning sensation in feet and hands, numbness and tingling in the feet, cramps in the legs, and absent ankle reflexes. What drug will you be the LEAST likely to blame on his/her new symptoms? a. Zidovudine b. Stavudine c. Didanosine d. Zalcitabine e. All of the above can cause the patient's symptoms
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Biology Textbooks

Biology Experiments

Read Explanation

Heredity

Read Explanation

Biological Processes

Read Explanation

Substance Exchange

Read Explanation

Ecosystems

Read Explanation

Energy Transfers

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.

Sign-up for free