According to the mode of nutrition, organisms under kingdom ‘Animalia’ are ________.

Organisms that rely on ingesting or absorbing nutrients from other sources instead of producing their own are known as heterotrophic organisms. These organisms play a crucial role in ecosystems as consumers, decomposers, or sometimes both.

In contrast to plants that produce their food via photosynthesis, heterotrophs include all animals, fungi, and many bacteria and protists. They acquire energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms, living or dead. This consumption can take various forms:

• Herbivores eat plant material directly.
• Carnivores prey on other animals.
• Omnivores consume a mix of plant and animal matter.
• Decomposers like fungi and certain bacteria break down dead organic material, returning nutrients to the soil.
• Parasites live off a host organism, often harming it in the process.

This mode of nutrition is essential for the cycling of matter within an ecosystem since heterotrophs transform complex organic materials back into simple substances that autotrophs can reuse. Animals, as heterotrophs, fulfill a wide variety of ecological niches and thus maintain the balance of life on Earth.

Autotrophic organisms are the primary producers in ecosystems, meaning they can synthesize organic compounds from simple inorganic sources. This incredible ability to produce food internally is what sets them apart from heterotrophs.

There are two main types of autotrophy:

• Photosynthesis: Utilizing sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, this process is most commonly associated with plants, algae, and certain bacteria.
• Chemosynthesis: Certain bacteria, often found in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents, can convert inorganic chemicals into food without the need for sunlight.

Autotrophs form the foundation of food chains; without them, heterotrophic organisms would have no source of energy or organic materials. By converting inorganic compounds into organic matter through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, they not only support life but also help regulate the atmosphere's composition by producing oxygen and sequestering carbon dioxide.

Kingdom Animalia, one of the largest and most diverse groups in the classification of life, encompasses all multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Some key characteristics of this kingdom include:

• Animals are capable of complex and directed movements.
• Anatomy varies greatly from simple organisms like sponges to complex structures in mammals.
• Nervous and muscle tissues that allow for responsivity and mobility.
• Reproduction is typically sexual, although asexual reproduction is also observed in some species.
• Most animals undergo a distinct developmental stage which may include metamorphosis.

Animals obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms, sufficiently placing them under the heterotrophic classification. This characteristic influences their behaviors and adaptions, as they evolved different strategies to locate, capture, and consume food, ultimately shaping the complexity and interdependence seen in ecosystems. Furthermore, animals are essential contributors to the biogeochemical cycles by redistributing and converting energy and matter within their environments.