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Chapter 22: Question 3 (page 1305)
Discuss briefly the three approaches that have been suggested for reporting changes in accounting principles.
The three approaches are currently, retrospectively, and prospectively.
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Whittier Construction Co. had followed the practice of expensing all materials assigned to a construction job without recognizing any salvage inventory. On December 31, 2017, it was determined that salvage inventory should be valued at \(52,000. Of this amount, \)29,000 arose during the current year. How does this information affect the financial statements to be prepared at the end of 2017?
Taveras Co. decides at the beginning of 2017 to adopt the FIFO method of inventory valuation. Taveras had used the LIFO method for financial reporting since its inception on January 1, 2015, and had maintained records adequate to apply the FIFO method retrospectively. Taveras concluded that FIFO is the preferable inventory method because it reflects the current cost of inventory on the balance sheet. The following table presents the effects of the change in accounting principles on inventory and cost of goods sold. Inventory Determined by Cost of Goods Sold Determined by Date LIFO Method FIFO Method LIFO Method FIFO Method January 1, 2015 \( 0 \) 0 \( 0 \) 0 December 31, 2015 100 80 800 820 December 31, 2016 200 240 1,000 940 December 31, 2017 320 390 1,130 1,100 Other information: 1. For each year presented, sales are \(3,000 and operating expenses are \)1,000. 2. Taveras provides two years of financial statements. Earnings per share information is not required. Instructions (a) Prepare income statements under LIFO and FIFO for 2015, 2016, and 2017. (b) Prepare income statements reflecting the retrospective application of the accounting change from the LIFO method to the FIFO method for 2017 and 2016. (c) Prepare the note to the financial statements describing the change in method of inventory valuation. In the note, indicate the income statement line items for 2017 and 2016 that were affected by the change in accounting principle. (d) Prepare comparative retained earnings statements for 2016 and 2017 under FIFO. Retained earnings reported under LIFO are as follows: Retained Earnings Balance December 31, 2015 $1,200 December 31, 2016 2,200 December 31, 2017 3,070
As part of the year-end accounting process and review of operating policies, Cullen Co. is considering a change in the accounting for its equipment from the straight-line method to an accelerated method. Your supervisor wonders how the company will report this change in accounting. It has been a few years since he took intermediate accounting, and he cannot remember whether this change would be treated in a retrospective or prospective manner. Your supervisor wants you to research the authoritative guidance on a change in accounting policy related to depreciation methods.
Instructions
(a) What are the accounting and reporting guidelines for a change in accounting policy related to depreciation methods?
(b) What are the conditions that justify a change in depreciation method, as contemplated by Cullen Co.?
(Change in Principle—Long-Term Contracts) Cullen Construction Company, which began operations in 2017, changed from the completed-contract to the percentage-of-completion method of accounting for long-term construction contracts during 2018. For tax purposes, the company employs the completed-contract method and will continue this approach in the future. The appropriate information related to this change is as follows.
Pretax Income Percentage-of-Completion Completed-Contract Difference 2017 \(880,000 \)590,000 $290,000 2018 900,000 480,000 420,000
Instructions (a) Assuming that the tax rate is 40%, what is the amount of net income that would be reported in 2018? (b) What entry(ies) are necessary to adjust the accounting records for the change in accounting principle?
On December 31, 2017, before the books were closed, the management and accountants of Madrasa Inc. made the following determinations about three pieces of equipment.
1. Equipment A was purchased January 2, 2014. It originally cost \(540,000 and, for depreciation purposes, the straight-line method was originally chosen. The asset was originally expected to be useful for 10 years and have a zero salvage value. In 2017, the decision was made to change the depreciation method from straight-line to sum-of-the-years’-digits, and the estimates relating to useful life and salvage value remained unchanged.
2. Equipment B was purchased January 3, 2013. It originally cost \)180,000 and, for depreciation purposes, the straight-line method was chosen. The asset was originally expected to be useful for 15 years and have a zero residual value. In 2017, the decision was made to shorten the total life of this asset to 9 years and to estimate the residual value at \(3,000.
3. Equipment C was purchased January 5, 2013. The asset’s original cost was \)160,000, and this amount was entirely expensed in 2013. This particular asset has a 10-year useful life and no residual value. The straight-line method was chosen for depreciation purposes.
Additional data:
1. Income in 2017 before depreciation expense amounted to \(400,000.
2. Depreciation expense on assets other than A, B, and C totaled \)55,000 in 2017.
3. Income in 2016 was reported at \(370,000.
4. Ignore all income tax effects.
5. 100,000 shares of common stock were outstanding in 2016 and 2017.
Instructions
(a) Prepare all necessary entries in 2017 to record these determinations.
(b) Prepare comparative retained earnings statements for Madrasa Inc. for 2016 and 2017. The company had retained earnings of \)200,000 at December 31, 2015.
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