Water in equilibrium with air contains \(4.4 \times 10^{-5} \% \mathrm{CO}_{2}\). The resulting carbonic acid, \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\), gives the solution a hydronium ion concentration of \(2.0\) \(\times 10^{-6} \mathrm{M}\), about 20 times greater than that of pure water. What is the \(\mathrm{pH}\) of the solution at \(298 \mathrm{~K} ?(\log 4.4=0.64\) \(\log 2=0.3\) ) (a) \(5.36\) (b) \(5.70\) (c) \(8.30\) (d) \(5.64\)

The concept of pH is a critical aspect of chemistry, especially when studying solutions and their acidic or basic nature. The pH is a scale used to quantify the acidity or basicity of a solution. It's essential to know that the pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 where a pH less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, pH equal to 7 indicates a neutral solution, and pH greater than 7 indicates a basic solution. The term 'pH' stands for 'potential of hydrogen' or 'power of hydrogen' and refers to the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution. The formal definition of pH is the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydronium ion concentration
(\( pH = -\log[H_3O^+] \)).
Understanding pH is fundamental because it affects various chemical reactions, biological processes, and even daily products like food and cleaning agents. Moreover, in environmental science, the pH of water bodies is a key indicator of their health, where extremely high or low pH values can lead to negative effects on aquatic life.

Hydronium ions (\( H_3O^+ \)) are positively charged ions that form when water molecules combine with hydrogen ions. The concentration of these hydronium ions in a solution is a direct measure of the solution's acidity. In the context of the given exercise, the hydronium ion concentration was found to be \(2.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{M}\), which is relatively higher compared to pure water. This increased concentration is the result of dissolved carbon dioxide from air forming carbonic acid in water, which subsequently dissociates to produce these hydronium ions. Understanding this concentration is crucial as it is the starting point in calculating the pH of the solution and can give insights into the chemical properties and behaviour of the solution. For example, knowing the hydronium ion concentration helps in predicting the corrosive nature of the solution or how it would interact with other substances.

Logarithmic properties are mathematical tools that help simplify calculations involving powers of 10, as often seen in pH calculations. One such property used in pH computation is the product rule for logarithms, which states that the log of a product is the sum of the logs (
\( \log(ab) = \log(a) + \log(b) \)).
For instance, in the exercise provided, the hydronium ion concentration given is in the form of a number times a power of ten. Using this property, we separate the logarithm of the number from the logarithm of the power of ten. Additionally, the fact that \( \log(10^n) = n \) is used to simplify the term involving \(10^{-6}\). Mastering these properties not only makes it possible to quickly compute pH without a calculator but also strengthens one’s overall algebraic skills, which are invaluable in the broader scope of scientific calculation.

Chemical equilibrium is a state in a chemical reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, meaning that the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time. In the context of the given problem, chemical equilibrium is reached when carbon dioxide dissolves in water, forming carbonic acid and eventually producing hydronium ions. The concentration of these ions influences the equilibrium constants for the dissolution of carbon dioxide and the dissociation of carbonic acid.
Understanding chemical equilibrium is vital to engineers and environmental scientists; for instance, when treating wastewater or assessing the carbon cycle in nature. By applying the principles of equilibrium, scientists can predict how changes in conditions like temperature or pressure will affect the direction and extent of chemical reactions.