A \(0.1 \mathrm{M}\) acetic acid solution is titrated against \(0.1 \mathrm{M}-\mathrm{NaOH}\) solution. What would be the difference in \(\mathrm{pH}\) between \(1 / 4\) and \(3 / 4\) stages of neutralization of the acid? (a) \(2 \log (0.75)\) (b) \(2 \log (0.25)\) (c) \(\log 3\) (d) \(2 \log 3\)

Chemical equilibrium refers to a state in a chemical reaction where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no overall change in the concentration of reactants and products over time. This concept is crucial for understanding how systems behave when they reach a state of balance.

For example, when we talk about the neutralization of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), this reaction eventually reaches a point where the amount of acetic acid decreasing is equal to the amount of its conjugate base being formed. At any given moment in a solution at equilibrium, the ratio of the concentrations of these species remains constant. Understanding chemical equilibrium is essential for acid-base titration since it allows us to predict the outcome of a reaction under specific conditions.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a formula used to estimate the pH of a buffer solution, based on the concentration of an acid and its conjugate base. It is expressed as:
\[ \text{pH} = \text{pKa} + \log\left(\frac{[\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]}\right) \]
where \( \text{pKa} \) is the acid dissociation constant, \([\text{A}^-]\) is the concentration of the conjugate base, and \([\text{HA}]\) is the concentration of the acid. In the context of acid-base titration, this equation plays a pivotal role because it allows us to calculate the pH at any point during the titration by considering the ratio of the conjugate base to the acid.

A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. It is a type of chemical reaction that plays a central role in acid-base titrations. For instance, when acetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, the acetic acid is neutralized to form water and sodium acetate, a salt. The neutralization process can be observed through stages, as seen in our example, where the 1/4 and 3/4 stages represent how much of the acid has been converted to its conjugate base.

During titration, the pH of the solution changes as the acid is neutralized, which allows us to track the reaction's progress. By understanding the concept of neutralization, it becomes easier to grasp the changes occurring during different stages of the titration.

The pH scale is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration:
\[ \text{pH} = -\log([H^+]) \]
Lower pH values correspond to higher acidity, while higher pH values indicate greater basicity. When performing a titration, such as in our exercise involving acetic acid and NaOH, the pH scale helps us understand the gradual change in acidity or basicity of the solution. By comparing pH at different stages of the titration, we can determine the equivalence point where neutralization is complete, as well as track the formation of the buffer region which helps in resisting changes in pH.