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Chapter 18: Problem 5

For each of the following reactions, name the enzyme that carries out this reaction in glycolysis and write a suitable mechanism for the reaction.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The exact answer depends on the specific reactions provided in the question but typically, the enzymes involved in glycolysis include hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase. The mechanism each enzyme uses to catalyze its reaction involves binding to the substrate, reducing the activation energy, and releasing the product. Each enzyme has a specific way it achieves this based on its structure and function.

Step by step solution

01

- Identifying the Enzyme in the Given Reaction

Examine the given reaction and its place in the glycolysis pathway. Recognize the reactants and products in the reaction, and based on this information, identify the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. Each reaction in glycolysis is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Consult a biology reference, textbook or online resource to assist in identifying the enzyme.
02

- Describing the Enzyme's Mechanism of Action

Next, describe how the enzyme catalyzes the given reaction. Explain the process at a molecular level. Typically, the enzyme binds to the substrate (the reactant), forms a complex, reduces the activation energy of the reaction, and releases the product. Be sure to explain how the enzyme causes the reaction to proceed faster.
03

- Repeating the Process for All Reactions

Repeat Steps 1 and 2 for each of the given reactions in the problem. Ensure each enzyme is correctly identified and the mechanisms of action are correctly explained for each reaction in the glycolysis pathway.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(Integrates with Chapter 3 .) Enolase catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate \(+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\). The standard free energy change, \(\Delta G^{\circ},\) for this reaction is \(+1.8 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\). If the concentration of 2 -phosphoglycerate is \(0.045 \mathrm{m} M\) and the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate is \(0.034 \mathrm{m} M\), what is \(\Delta G\), the free energy change for the enolase reaction, under these conditions?

Genetic defects in glycolytic enzymes can have serious consequences for humans. For example, defects in the gene for pyruvate kinase can result in a condition known as hemolytic anemia. Consult a reference to learn about hemolytic anemia, and discuss why such genetic defects lead to this condition.

Discuss the cycling of NADH and NAD \(^{+}\) in glycolysis and the related fermentation reactions.

Determine the anticipated location in pyruvate of labeled carbons if glucose molecules labeled (in separate experiments) with \(^{14} \mathrm{C}\) at each position of the carbon skeleton proceed through the glycolytic pathway

(Integrates with Chapter \(3 .)\) The standard free energy change \(\left(\Delta G^{\circ \prime}\right)\) for hydrolysis of fructose- 1,6 -bisphosphate (FBP) to fructose6-phosphate (F-6-P) and \(\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}}\) is \(-16.7 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\) \\[ \mathrm{FBP}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \text { fructose- } 6-\mathrm{P}+\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}} \\] The standard free energy change \(\left(\Delta G^{\circ \prime}\right)\) for ATP hydrolysis is \(-30.5 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\) \\[ \mathrm{ATP}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{i}} \\] a. What is the standard free energy change for the phosphofructokinase reaction: \\[ \text { ATP + fructose- } 6 \text { -P } \longrightarrow \mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{FBP} \\] b. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction? c. Assuming the intracellular concentrations of [ATP] and [ADP] are maintained constant at \(4 \mathrm{m}\) Mand \(1.6 \mathrm{m} M\), respectively, in a rat liver cell, what will be the ratio of [FBP]/[fructose-6-P] when the phosphofructokinase reaction reaches equilibrium?
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