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Chapter 22: Problem 21

(Integrates with Chapters 3 and \(14 .\) ) What is the structure of creatine phosphate? Write reactions to indicate how it stores and provides energy for exercise.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The structure of creatine phosphate includes creatinine bonded to a high-energy phosphate group. It stores energy in the high-energy phosphate bond which can be quickly utilized by the body when needed. Energy is stored in the reaction: \[ Creatine Phosphate + ADP + H^+ \rightarrow Creatine + ATP \]. Conversely in conditions of low energy demand, the reaction is reversed: \[ Creatine + ATP \rightarrow Creatine Phosphate + ADP + H^+ \] Both reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase.

Step by step solution

01

Structure of Creatine Phosphate

Creatine phosphate (also known as Phosphocreatine) is a molecule that contains a creatine moiety and a high energy phosphate bond. The structure consists of a creatinine backbone, where its central carbon atom is bonded to a nitrogen atom by a single bond and double bonded to a carbon atom. The nitrogen atom is bonded to a three-carbon structure with a phosphate group at its end.
02

Energy Storage in Creatine Phosphate

Creatine phosphate stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bond. The stored energy can be used quickly whenever the body needs it. When more ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is required during physical exertion, the high-energy bond between phosphate and creatine is broken and transforms the low-energy bond in ADP (adenosine diphosphate) into a high-energy bond in ATP. The reaction can be represented as follows: \[ Creatine Phosphate + ADP + H^+ \rightarrow Creatine + ATP \] This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase.
03

Reversibility of Reaction

Interestingly, the mentioned reaction is reversible, meaning when energy demand in the muscle is low and ATP concentration is high, ATP can transfer its high energy phosphate group back to creatine to form creatine phosphate. The reaction can be represented as follows: \[ Creatine + ATP \rightarrow Creatine Phosphate + ADP + H^+ \] This reaction is also catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(Integrates with Chapter \(7 .)\) Imagine a glycogen molecule with 8000 glucose residues. If branches occur every eight residues, how many reducing ends does the molecule have? If branches occur every 12 residues, how many reducing ends does it have? How many nonreducing ends does it have in each of these cases?

(Integrates with Chapter 3 .) Suggest an explanation for the exergonic nature of the glycogen synthase reaction \(\left(\Delta G^{\circ \prime}=-13.3 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\right)\) Consult Chapter 3 to review the energetics of high-energy phosphate compounds if necessary.

Glycogenin catalyzes the first reaction in the synthesis of a glycogen particle, with \(\mathrm{Tyr}^{194}\) of glycogenin (page 676) combining with a glucose unit (provided by UDP-glucose) to produce a tyrosyl glucose. Write a mechanism to show how this reaction could occur.

Explain the effects of each of the following on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism: a. Increasing the concentration of tissue fructose- 1,6 -bisphosphate b. Increasing the concentration of blood glucose c. Increasing the concentration of blood insulin d. Increasing the amount of blood glucagon e. Decreasing levels of tissue ATP f. Increasing the concentration of tissue AMP g. Decreasing the concentration of fructose- 6 -phosphate
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