Explain the effects of each of the following on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism: a. Increasing the concentration of tissue fructose- 1,6 -bisphosphate b. Increasing the concentration of blood glucose c. Increasing the concentration of blood insulin d. Increasing the amount of blood glucagon e. Decreasing levels of tissue ATP f. Increasing the concentration of tissue AMP g. Decreasing the concentration of fructose- 6 -phosphate

Short Answer

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In gist, increased concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, insulin, and blood glucagon all speed up gluconeogenesis while promoting glycogen synthesis. Conversely, a rise in blood glucose, low tissue ATP levels, high tissue AMP concentration and decrease in fructose-6-phosphate suppress gluconeogenesis but stimulate glycogenolysis. It's important to note that the responses to these conditions necessitate a range of enzymatic adjustments at several steps along the two metabolic pathways.

Step by step solution

01

Effect of Increased Tissue Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

When the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate increases, it acts an allosteric activator of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis. This leads to an increase in the rate of glucose production.
02

Effect of Increased Blood Glucose

A high concentration of blood glucose suppresses gluconeogenesis. However, it promotes glycogen synthesis (part of glycogen metabolism) as this is a way the body stores excess glucose.
03

Effect of Increased Blood Insulin

Increased concentration of blood insulin promotes glycogen synthesis as insulin triggers body cells to absorb glucose and store it in the form of glycogen. On the other hand, insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis.
04

Effect of Increased Blood Glucagon

Glucagon has an opposite effect compared to insulin. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycogen synthesis by triggering the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose when needed.
05

Effect of Decreased Tissue ATP

Decreased levels of tissue ATP indicate a high energy demand. This condition will stimulate both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) to provide the necessary energy.
06

Effect of Increased Tissue AMP

When the concentration of tissue AMP is high, this again signifies energy requirement is high, as AMP is a product of ATP consumption. As a result, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are stimulated.
07

Effect of Decreased Fructose-6-Phosphate

Decreased concentration of fructose-6-phosphate implies that there is less substrate available for gluconeogenesis process, hence slowing down this pathway. Similarly, the rate of glycogen synthesis may also drop due to lack of this metabolite.

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