What might be the advantages of capping, methylation, and polyadenylylation of eukaryotic mRNAs?

The First step is to define the three processes: capping, methylation, and polyadenylylation. 1. Capping: This occurs at the 5' end of the pre-mRNA molecule during transcription. A specific 'cap' molecule (usually a guanine nucleotide) is added to the mRNA, this enhances stability and aids in ribosome binding during translation.2. Methylation: This involves the addition of a methyl group to specific nucleotides in the RNA sequence. In eukaryotes, this usually occurs at the cap structure and some internal adenosines. Methylation helps to prevent degradation of the mRNA and also influences RNA transport, ribosome binding and translation efficiency.3. Polyadenylylation: This refers to the addition of a long chain of adenine nucleotides (poly(A) tail) at the 3' end of the pre-mRNA transcript. This process, also known as polyadenylation, aids in the stabilization of the mRNA molecule, assists in nuclear export and influences translational efficiency.

The cap structure added at the 5' end of the mRNA has several advantages for the eukaryotic cells: 1. It protects the mRNA from degradation by exonucleases.2. Enhances the efficiency of splicing of the intron sequences. 3. Assists in the efficient transport of the mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 4. Enhances the translation efficiency by facilitating the binding of the ribosome to the mRNA.

Methylation of mRNA confers several advantages:1. It enhances the stability of the mRNA by protecting it from enzymes that could degrade it.2. Methylation can enhance the efficiency of translation, making protein synthesis faster and more efficient.3. Through methylation, mRNAs can be regulated and controlled, enabling the cells to have more precision in gene expression.

The poly(A) tail formed as a result of polyadenylylation has several advantages:1. It increases stability of the mRNA molecule and protects it from enzymatic degradation.2. The poly(A) tail is important for the efficient transport of mature mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.3. It enhances translation efficiency by working with the 5' cap to enable binding of the ribosome to the mRNA.