Log out Go to App
Go to App

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 32: Problem 12

Write simple reaction mechanisms for the formation of cAMP from ATP by adenylyl cyclase and for the breakdown of cAMP to \(5^{\prime}\) -AMP by phosphodiesterases.

Short Answer

Expert verified
ATP is converted to cAMP by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase through the removal and cyclization of a diphosphate group, resulting in cAMP and inorganic diphosphate (PPi). cAMP is then converted to 5'-AMP by the enzyme phosphodiesterase through the hydrolysis of the 3',5'-cyclic phosphate ester bond, resulting in 5'-AMP and a water molecule (H2O).

Step by step solution

01

Reaction Mechanism of ATP to cAMP by Adenylyl Cyclase

Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. ATP consists of an adenine ring, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Adenylyl cyclase acts by cleaving the bond between the second and third phosphate group of ATP. It then cyclizes the remaining diphosphate group on the ribose sugar, forming a cyclic phosphate ester to produce cAMP.
02

Illustration of the reaction

This can be illustrated in the following way: ATP \( \xrightarrow{{Adenylyl \, Cyclase}} \) cAMP + PPi, where PPi represents the released inorganic diphosphate.
03

Reaction Mechanism of cAMP to 5'-AMP by Phosphodiesterases

Phosphodiesterases catalyze the conversion of cAMP to 5'-AMP. They work by hydrolyzing the 3',5'-cyclic phosphate ester bond in cAMP to yield 5'-AMP.
04

Illustration of the reaction

This process can be illustrated as follows: cAMP \( \xrightarrow{{Phosphodiesterase}} \) 5'-AMP + H2O, where H2O is the water molecule used in the hydrolysis reaction.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Start your free trial

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with Vaia!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Nitric oxide may be merely the first of a new class of gaseous second messenger/neurotransmitter molecules. Based on your knowledge of the molecular action of nitric oxide, suggest another gaseous molecule that might act as a second messenger and propose a molecular function for it.

Given that \(\beta\) -strands provide a more genetically economical way for a polypeptide to cross a membrane, why has nature chosen \(\alpha\) -helices as the membrane-spanning motif for G-protein-coupled receptors? That is, what other reasons can you imagine to justify the use of \(\alpha\) -hclices?

GTP \(\gamma\) S is a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. Experiments with squid giant axon synapses reveal that injection of GTyS into the presynaptic end (terminal) of the neuron inhibits neurotransmitter release (slowly and irreversibly). The calcium signals produced by presynaptic action potentials and the number of synaptic vesicles docking on the presynaptic membrane are unchanged by GTP \(\gamma\) S. Propose a model for neurotransmitter release that accounts for all of these observations.

Compare and contrast the features and physiological advantages of each of the known classes of second messengers.

Herbimycin A is an antibiotic that inhibits tyrosine kinase activity by binding to SH groups of cysteine in the sre gene tyrosine kinase and other similar tyrosine kinases. What effect might it have on normal rat kidney cells that have been transformed by Rous sarcoma virus? Can you think of other effects you might expect for this interesting antibiotic?
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Chemistry Textbooks

Chemical Analysis

Read Explanation

Inorganic Chemistry

Read Explanation

The Earths Atmosphere

Read Explanation

Physical Chemistry

Read Explanation

Chemistry Branches

Read Explanation

Making Measurements

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.

Sign-up for free