State whether the following are extensive or intensive propertiess (a) the color of copper sulfate; (b) the temperature of boiling liquid oxygen (LOX); (c) the cost of platinum metal; (d) the encrgy content of a beaker of water.

Chemical properties are fundamental characteristics of a substance that become evident during a chemical reaction. Unlike physical properties, which can be observed without changing the composition of the material, chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other matter to produce new substances.

For instance, the flammability of a substance is a chemical property as it reveals how it would react with oxygen under combustion. Similarly, the ability of iron to rust when exposed to moist air is another example of a chemical property. Understanding these properties is crucial in predicting how substances will behave in various chemical reactions and environments. Chemical properties are always considered an intensive property because they do not change with the quantity of the substance present.

An intensive property is a physical property of a substance that does not depend on the amount of the substance present. Intensive properties remain the same whether one considers a milligram or a kilogram of the material. Examples include density, boiling point, color, and temperature.

For a student, grasping the concept of intensive properties could be made easier by thinking about a characteristic like the color of paint. Whether you have a drop or a gallon, the color remains the same. Such properties are intrinsic to the nature of the substance and are often used to identify substances and predict their behavior.

In contrast, an extensive property is one that changes when the sample size of the substance is changed. These are additive properties depending on the quantity and include mass, volume, energy, and cost. To visualize this, one could consider a block of ice. Its mass and volume would change as the ice melts or more water is frozen, but the temperature (an intensive property) of the ice-water mixture would remain constant until all ice has melted or all water has frozen.

Using the cost example from the exercise, the total cost of a substance is dependent on how much of it you intend to purchase. The more material you buy, the higher the total cost, making it a clear example of an extensive property.

Matter quantity refers to the amount of a substance present in a given system or environment. It can be expressed in various units such as grams, liters, or moles, which quantifiable measurements for the extensive properties of mass, volume, and number of particles, respectively.

Understanding the quantity of matter is essential in all scientific calculations and experiments. For example, the concentration of a solute in a solution is dependent on both the amount of the solute (matter quantity) and the volume of the solvent, illustrating the interplay between extensive and intensive properties in scientific measurement.

Property classification involves categorizing properties of substances into different groups based on certain criteria, such as dependency on matter quantity. Classifying properties as either intensive or extensive is fundamental in understanding the behavior of materials under various conditions and for designing experiments.

The step-by-step solution in the exercise models how to differentiate between the two types. By considering whether a property would change if the amount of the substance was altered, students can categorize each property accordingly. Property classification not only helps in theoretical chemistry but also has practical implications in fields like materials science and engineering.