Give the number of valence electrons for the following elements (a) Pb; (b) B; (c) Si; (d) Bi.

The periodic table is a comprehensive chart that organizes all known chemical elements based on their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are arranged in rows called periods and columns known as groups or families.

Elements within the same group typically have similar properties and the same number of valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in forming bonds. For example, group 1 elements (alkali metals) always have one valence electron, while group 17 elements (halogens) have seven valence electrons. Understanding the layout of the periodic table is crucial for predicting how different elements will react with each other.

Chemical elements are pure substances consisting of one type of atom, distinguished by the number of protons in their nuclei, known as the atomic number. Each element has unique physical and chemical properties. For instance, lead (Pb), with an atomic number of 82, is a heavy, dense metal that is used in batteries and radiation shields, while boron (B), atomic number 5, is a metalloid used in glass and detergents.

When identifying an element's valence electrons, it's also important to recognize that main-group elements have a predictable valence based on their group number, while transition metals may have varying valence electrons due to their complex electron configurations.

Electron configuration refers to the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals. Understanding this distribution is fundamental for determining how an element will interact chemically. The configuration follows a pattern across the periodic table, allowing the prediction of the valence electron count. For example, elements in group 14 have electron configurations that end in s2p2, meaning they have four valence electrons.

Valence electrons play a pivotal role in chemical bonding and reactions since they are the furthest from the nucleus and thus the most chemically active. When atoms undergo chemical reactions, they aim to achieve a stable electron configuration, often that of the nearest noble gas, through the sharing or transferring of valence electrons.