The rate law of a reaction can only be determined from experiment. Two experimental procedures for determining rate laws were outlined in Chapter 12. What are the two procedures and how are they used to determine the rate laws?

This method involves measuring the initial rate of a reaction under different initial concentrations of reactants. By comparing how the initial rate changes with changes in concentration, we can determine the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant. To use the initial rates method, follow these steps: 1. Set up a series of experiments where you vary the initial concentration of one reactant, keeping the concentration of other reactants constant. 2. Measure the initial rate of the reaction for each experiment. 3. Analyze the data and find the relationship between the initial rate and the initial concentration of the reactant. 4. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to the varying reactant based on the observed relationship. 5. Repeat steps 1-4 for each reactant in the reaction. 6. Use the determined orders for each reactant to express the overall rate law for the reaction.

This method involves measuring how concentrations of reactants or products change during a reaction over time. This allows us to determine the rate law by finding how the concentration of a reactant affects the time it takes for the reaction to reach a certain point. To use the integrated rate laws method, follow these steps: 1. Choose a reactant or product whose concentration can be easily measured over time. 2. Set up a single experiment with known initial concentrations of reactants. 3. Monitor the concentration of the chosen reactant or product at different time intervals during the reaction. 4. Plot the concentration data against time and determine the shape of the curve. 5. Compare the curve to theoretical curves for zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order reactions. 6. Determine the order of the reaction with respect to the chosen reactant or product based on the curve shape that best fits the experimental data. 7. Use the determined order to construct a rate law equation for the reaction. These two procedures allow us to determine rate laws for reactions experimentally by observing how initial rates or concentrations change over time. By understanding the relationship between concentrations and the rates of reactions, we can establish the rate law equation for a given reaction.