What is the modern view of the structure of the atom?

The modern view of the atomic structure is based on the understanding that an atom consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit around the nucleus in specific energy levels or orbitals.

The modern view of atomic structure is grounded on several atomic models developed over time. These models include Dalton's atomic theory, which laid the foundation for understanding that elements are made up of atoms; J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model, which proposed the first idea of negatively charged electrons; Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model, which discovered the nucleus and positive charge concentrated in the center of the atom; and Niels Bohr's model, which introduced the concept of fixed energy levels in which electrons orbit.

Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They define an element's atomic number (Z), which identifies the element's position in the periodic table. Protons have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu).

Neutrons are neutral particles with no charge, located in the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons in an element can vary, forming different isotopes of that element. Neutrons have a mass that is very similar to protons, approximately 1 amu.

Electrons are negatively charged particles and reside outside the nucleus, in the electron cloud. The distribution of electrons can be represented by electron orbitals, with each orbital having a specific energy level and shape. Electrons have a much lower mass than protons and neutrons (approximately \(9.109 \times 10^{-31}\) kg).

Electrons occupy specific energy levels or orbitals around the nucleus. These energy levels are represented by principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, etc.) and each level can hold a maximum of \(2n^2\) electrons. Within each energy level, there are different sublevels (s, p, d, and f) comprising of distinct shapes and orientations. An electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons in an atom. In summary, the modern view of atomic structure consists of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, along with electrons orbiting around the nucleus in specific energy levels or orbitals. This understanding has evolved through advancements in atomic models and discoveries in scientific research.