For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of
these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections
on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon
derivatives.
a. The first “organic” compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather
than being isolated from nature, was , which was prepared from .
b. An organic compound whose carbon–carbon bonds are all single bonds is said
to be .
c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon
atoms in alkanes is .
d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said
to be alkanes.
e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each
type of atom but exhibit different arrangements of the between those atoms.
f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending added to
a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
g. For a branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from
the number of carbon atoms in the continuous chain in the molecule.
h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule
are indicated by the
of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached.
i. The major use of alkanes has been in reactions, as a source of heat and
light.
j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo
reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the
alkane.
k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid,
complete reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms
of the double or triple bond.
l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of .
m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called
hydrocarbons.
n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to
an organic molecule is called a group.
o. A alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to
the carbon atom holding
the hydroxyl group.
p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, is prepared industrially by the
hydrogenation of .
q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the of certain sugars by yeast.
r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the group, but they differ in where this
group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.
s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by of the corresponding alcohol.
t. Organic acids, which contain the group, are typically weak acids.
u. The typically sweet-smelling compounds called result from the condensation
reaction of an
organic acid with an .
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