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Chapter 6: Problem 28

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen as an alternative fuel.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Hydrogen fuel offers advantages such as energy efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and being a renewable and abundant resource. However, it also has disadvantages including current production methods, storage and transportation challenges, and safety concerns. To fully benefit from hydrogen's potential, environmentally friendly production methods, improved infrastructure, and enhanced safety measures must be developed.

Step by step solution

01

Introduction to Hydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen is an element that has the potential to be used as an alternative fuel. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and can be found in large quantities on earth in the form of water (H2O). When hydrogen is used as a fuel, it usually undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen to produce energy, with water as its only byproduct. This makes it a clean and renewable energy source.
02

Advantages of Hydrogen Fuel 1.

Energy Efficiency: Hydrogen fuel can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity. Fuel cells convert the energy stored in hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and only have heat and water as byproducts. This process is much more energy-efficient and has a higher energy-to-weight ratio compared to internal combustion engine that use gasoline. 2.
03

Environmental Impact: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles do not emit any harmful emissions, unlike gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles which produce greenhouse gases (CO2) and air pollutants. Utilizing hydrogen as a fuel source can lead to reduced air pollution and a lower carbon footprint. 3.

Renewable and Abundant Resource: Hydrogen can be produced from water, which is an abundant and renewable source. This means that hydrogen fuel can be produced indefinitely, as opposed to finite fossil fuel resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas.
04

Disadvantages of Hydrogen Fuel 1.

Production Methods: Currently, the most common method of producing hydrogen is through the process of steam methane reforming, which uses natural gas as a source and produces greenhouse gas emissions. To fully benefit from hydrogen's clean properties, it needs to be produced through renewable and environmentally friendly methods such as electrolysis from water, which is currently expensive. 2.
05

Storage and Transportation: Hydrogen has a low energy density and requires large storage spaces for an equivalent amount of energy to gasoline. To store hydrogen effectively, it needs to be compressed or liquified, which can be complex and costly. Additionally, the existing infrastructure for transporting and distributing hydrogen is limited, so it would require significant investment to match the current gasoline distribution system. 3.

Safety: Hydrogen is a highly flammable and reactive gas. Although hydrogen has a narrower flammability range than gasoline, and leaks can disperse rapidly, it also has a lower ignition energy which can increase the risk of ignition. Further research and development of safety measures for hydrogen storage and transport would be required. In summary, hydrogen has the potential to be a clean and efficient alternative fuel, with significant environmental benefits. However, challenges relating to production, storage, transportation, and safety must be addressed for it to become a widely adopted and practical energy source.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The specific heat capacity of silver is 0.24 $\mathrm{J} /^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \cdot \mathrm{g}$ a. Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of 150.0 g Ag from 273 \(\mathrm{K}\) to 298 \(\mathrm{K}\) . b. Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of 1.0 mole of \(\mathrm{Ag}\) by \(1.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) (called the molar heat capacity of silver). c. It takes 1.25 \(\mathrm{kJ}\) of energy to heat a sample of pure silver from \(12.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(15.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . Calculate the mass of the sample of silver.

Quinone is an important type of molecule that is involved in photosynthesis. The transport of electrons mediated by quinone in certain enzymes allows plants to take water, carbon dioxide, and the energy of sunlight to create glucose. A 0.1964 -g sample of quinone $\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)$ is burned in a bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of 1.56 \(\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{C}\) . The temperature of the calorimeter increases by \(3.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . Calculate the energy of combustion of quinone per gram and per mole.

The best solar panels currently available are about 19\(\%\) efficient in converting sunlight to electricity. A typical home will use about \(40 .\) kWh of electricity per day \((1 \mathrm{kWh}=1 \text { kilowatt }\) hour; \(1 \mathrm{kW}=1000 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{s}\) ). Assuming 8.0 hours of useful sunlight per day, calculate the minimum solar panel surface area necessary to provide all of a typical home's electricity. (See Exercise 132 for the energy rate supplied by the sun.)

Given the following data: $$ \begin{array}{ll}{\mathrm{NO}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{O}(g)} & {\Delta H=233 \mathrm{kJ}} \\ {2 \mathrm{O}_{3}(g) \longrightarrow 3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g)} & {\Delta H=-427 \mathrm{kJ}}\end{array} $$ $$ \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{3}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \quad \Delta H=-199 \mathrm{kJ} $$ Calculate the bond energy for the \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) bond, that is, calculate \(\Delta H\) for: $$ \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{O}(g) \qquad \Delta H=? $$

For the process $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g)\( at 298 \)\mathrm{K}\( and \)1.0 \mathrm{atm},\( \)\Delta H$ is more positive than \(\Delta E\) by 2.5 \(\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\) . What does the 2.5 \(\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\) quantity represent?
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