Chapter 8: Problem 103
Use the formal charge arguments to rationalize why \(\mathrm{BF}_{3}\) would not follow the octet rule.
Chapter 8: Problem 103
Use the formal charge arguments to rationalize why \(\mathrm{BF}_{3}\) would not follow the octet rule.
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Get started for freeAn alternative definition of electronegativity is $$\text { Electronegativity } = \text { constant } (\mathrm{I.E.}-\mathrm{E.A.})$$ where I.E. is the ionization energy and E.A. is the electron affinity using the sign conventions of this book. Use data in Chapter 7 to calculate the \((\mathrm{I} . \mathrm{E} .-\mathrm{E} \cdot \mathrm{A} .)\) term for \(\mathrm{F}, \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Br}\) and \(\mathrm{I}\). Do these values show the same trend as the electronegativity values given in this chapter? The first ionization energies of the halogens are 1678, 1255, 1138, and 1007 kJ/mol, respectively. (Hint: Choose a constant so that the electronegativity of fluorine equals 4.0. Using this constant, calculate relative electronegativities for the other halogens and compare to values given in the text.)
Calcium carbonate \(\left(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\right)\) shells are used by mollusks, corals, and snails to form protective coverings. Draw the Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3} .\) Be sure to include any resonance structures.
What do each of the following sets of compounds/ions have in common with each other? a. \(\mathrm{SO}_{3}, \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}, \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}\) b. \(\mathrm{O}_{3}, \mathrm{SO}_{2}, \mathrm{NO}_{2}-\)
Oxidation of the cyanide ion produces the stable cyanate ion, \(\mathrm{OCN}^{-}\) . The fulminate ion, \(\mathrm{CNO}^{-}\), on the other hand, is very unstable. Fulminate salts explode when struck; \(\mathrm{Hg}(\mathrm{CNO})_{2}\) is used in blasting caps. Write the Lewis structures and assign formal charges for the cyanate and fulminate ions. Why is the fulminate ion so unstable? (C is the central atom in \(\mathrm{OCN}^{-}\) and \(\mathrm{N}\) is the central atom in \(\mathrm{CNO}^{-}\) )
Give three ions that are isoelectronic with krypton. Place these ions in order of increasing size.
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