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Chapter 1: Problem 5

Give an example for each of the following terms: (a) matter. (b) substance (c) mixture.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Examples for terms: (a) Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Example: a car. (b) A substance is a form of matter with constant chemical composition. Example: water. (c) A mixture is made up of two or more substances in no fixed proportion. Example: air.

Step by step solution

01

Define and provide an example of Matter

Matter is any physical material in the universe. Everything is made up of matter. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. For example, a car is considered a form of matter as it occupies space and has mass.
02

Define and provide an example of Substance

A substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. A substance cannot be separated into its components by physical separation methods. An example of a substance can be water, which is made up of H2O molecules.
03

Define and provide an example of Mixture

A mixture is a system made up of two or more substances that are in no fixed proportion. In other words, mixtures do not have a constant composition. They can be separated into their components through physical methods. A classic example of a mixture is air, which is considered a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and others.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Matter
In the fascinating world of chemistry, our exploration often begins with the fundamental concept of matter. Think of matter as the fabric of the universe — it's everything that takes up space and has mass. From the stars twinkling in the night sky to the chair you're sitting on, matter makes up all physical substances around us.

Understanding this basic but all-encompassing idea provides the foundation we need to delve further into the vast topics of chemistry education. Whether it's a teaspoon of sugar, a breath of air, or a drop of ocean water, these are all examples of matter, diverse in form but unified in essence.
Substance
Now, let's narrow down our focus from the broad spectrum of matter to something more specific — a substance. A substance is a pure form of matter with a unique set of properties that distinguish it from other forms of matter. Think of substances as the individual threads that weave together to create a tapestry of materials.

For example, pure gold, with its characteristic luster and malleability, is a substance. Substances are defined by purity, possessing a uniform and definite composition. Each substance has a precise recipe of atoms that cannot be varied without changing its fundamental nature.
Mixture
Mixtures stir in an extra layer of complexity to our chemistry concoctions. A mixture combines two or more substances, but unlike a chemical compound, these constituents don't bond chemically and can vary in proportion. This makes mixtures quite fascinating because their composition and properties can change.

Consider a cup of saltwater: a simple mix of salt dissolved in water. The ratio of salt to water can vary, and through processes like evaporation, we can physically separate the two. Mixtures are the blend of the chemistry world, offering versatility and variety in the material realm.
Chemical Composition
Delving into the microscopic world, chemical composition reveals the identity of substances on an atomic level. It's the detailed inventory of elements and the number of atoms of each element that make up a compound. The chemical composition is like a recipe card for materials, giving us the exact proportions needed to recreate a substance.

Take water, for instance: its chemical composition is commonly known as H2O, representing two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom. Understanding the chemical composition is crucial for predicting how substances will interact, their reactivity, and their behavior under different conditions.
Physical Separation Methods
When it's time to untangle the components of a mixture, we turn to physical separation methods. Unlike chemical reactions that change the identity of substances, these techniques rely on physical properties to sort and separate matter.

  • Filtration exploits the size difference between solid particles and a liquid or gas.
  • Distillation uses boiling points to separate substances with different volatilities.
  • Decanting involves pouring off a liquid to leave behind solids or immiscible liquids.
There are many such techniques, each with its special role in the grand scheme of chemistry, proving that sometimes division can lead to a clearer understanding of what we are studying.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Comment on whether each of the following is a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture: (a) air in a closed bottle, (b) air over New York City.

Three apprentice tailors \((\mathrm{X}, \mathrm{Y},\) and \(\mathrm{Z})\) are assigned the task of measuring the seam of a pair of trousers. Each one makes three measurements. The results in inches are \(\mathrm{X}(31.5,31.6,31.4) ; \mathrm{Y}(32.8,32.3,32.7)\) \(\mathrm{Z}(31.9,32.2,32.1) .\) The true length is \(32.0 \mathrm{in}\) Comment on the precision and the accuracy of each tailor's measurements.

Tums is a popular remedy for acid indigestion. A typical Tums tablet contains calcium carbonate plus some inert substances. When ingested, it reacts with the gastric juice (hydrochloric acid) in the stomach to give off carbon dioxide gas. When a \(1.328-g\) tablet reacted with \(40.00 \mathrm{~mL}\) of hydrochloric acid (density: \(1.140 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}),\) carbon dioxide gas was given off and the resulting solution weighed 46.699 g. Calculate the number of liters of carbon dioxide gas released if its density is $1.81 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}.

Bronze is an alloy made of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) used in applications that require low metalon-metal friction. Calculate the mass of a bronze cylinder of radius \(6.44 \mathrm{~cm}\) and length \(44.37 \mathrm{~cm} .\) The composition of the bronze is 79.42 percent Cu and 20.58 percent Sn and the densities of Cu and \(\mathrm{Sn}\) are \(8.94 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) and \(7.31 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},\) respec- tively. What assumption should you make in this calculation?

Explain what is meant by the scientific method.
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