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Chapter 12: Problem 117

For ideal solutions, the volumes are additive. This means that if \(5 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(\mathrm{A}\) and \(5 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(\mathrm{B}\) form an ideal solution, the volume of the solution is \(10 \mathrm{~mL}\). Provide a molecular interpretation for this observation. When \(500 \mathrm{~mL}\) of ethanol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\right)\) are mixed with \(500 \mathrm{~mL}\) of water, the final volume is less than \(1000 \mathrm{~mL}\). Why?

Short Answer

Expert verified
In a mixture of ethanol and water, the final volume is less than the sum of their respective volumes because the solution is not ideal. The ethanol and water molecules form hydrogen bonds when mixed, leading to a closer packing of the molecules, and hence a lower total volume.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Principle of Ideal Solutions

An ideal solution is defined as a solution that strictly follows Raoult's law. One of its key properties is its additive nature. That is, when two components \(A\) and \(B\) are mixed, the resultant solution has a volume equal to the sum of the volumes of \(A\) and \(B\). This can be explained on the molecular level by the fact that there is no change in the organization or arrangement of molecules when they are mixed together.
02

Apply the Principle to Ethanol and Water Solution

In the case of mixing 500 mL of ethanol \(\mathrm{(C_{2} H_{5} OH)}\) with 500 mL of water, the final volume of the solution is less than 1000 mL. This happens because the solution formed by water and ethanol is not ideal. The molecules of ethanol have both a polar end and a nonpolar end, and thus can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. When ethanol and water mix, these new attractions allow closer packing of the molecules, leading to a decrease in total volume.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Describe the factors that affect the solubility of a solid in a liquid. What does it mean to say that two liquids are miscible?

Define the following concentration terms and give their units: percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality. Compare their advantages and disadvantages.

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