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Chapter 12: Problem 14

Outline the steps required for conversion between molarity, molality, and percent by mass.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Molarity, Molality, and Percent by mass are all units of concentration. Molarity = moles of solute/liters of solution, Molality = moles of solute/kilograms of solvent, Percent by mass = (mass of solute/total mass of solution) x 100. Conversions between them depend on the ability to inter-convert volume and mass of the solution, or the solvent and the solute's molar mass.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of Molarity

Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute (chemical being dissolved) per liter of solution. It can be calculated by the formula \(M = moles\:of\:solute/liters\:of\:solution\).
02

Definition of Molality

Molality (m) is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (the substance in which the chemical is dissolved). It can be calculated by the formula \(m = moles\:of\:solute/kilograms\:of\:solvent\).
03

Definition of Percent by Mass

Percent by mass is calculated as the mass of the solute divided by the total mass of the solution, multiplied by 100. It is represented by the formula \(\% mass = (mass\:of\:solute/total\:mass\:of\:solution) x 100\).
04

Conversion from Molarity to Molality

To convert from molarity to molality, the number of moles of solute remains the same. What changes is the denominator, from volume of solution (in liters) to mass of solvent (in kilograms). So, to convert, multiply the molarity by the volume (in liters) of the solution and divide it by the mass (in kilograms) of the solvent.
05

Conversion from Molality to Molarity

To convert molality to molarity, inversely multiply the molality by the mass of the solvent (in kilograms) and divide it by the volume of the solution (in liters).
06

Conversion from Molarity or Molality to Percent by Mass

To convert from molarity or molality to percent by mass, firstly calculate the mass of the solute. This can be done by multiplying the molarity or molality by the molar mass of the solute. Then, add this to the mass of the solvent to get the total mass of the solution. Finally, plug these into the formula for percent by mass.

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