A quantity of 1.0 mole of \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\) was introduced into an evacuated vessel and allowed to attain equilibrium at a certain temperature $$\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)$$ The average molar mass of the reacting mixture was \(70.6 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol} .\) (a) Calculate the mole fractions of the gases. (b) Calculate \(K_{P}\) for the reaction if the total pressure was 1.2 atm. (c) What would be the mole fractions if the pressure were increased to 4.0 atm by reducing the volume at the same temperature?

Le Chatelier's Principle is a fundamental concept in chemistry that predicts how a change in conditions can affect the position of chemical equilibrium in a reversible reaction. According to this principle, if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, such as pressure, temperature, or concentration of components, the system adjusts itself to counteract the change and re-establish equilibrium.

For example, in the given exercise, when the pressure of the system is increased by reducing the volume, the equilibrium shifts toward the direction that produces fewer gas molecules. The reaction between \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{4}\rightarrow2\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) has more molecules on the product side (2 moles of \(\text{NO}_{2}\) vs. 1 mole of \(\text{N}_{2}\text{O}_{4}\)). By increasing pressure, the system favors the reverse reaction, producing more \(\text{N}_{2}\text{O}_{4}\) as it has fewer gas molecules, reducing the effect of the pressure increase.

The equilibrium constant (Kp) quantifies the position of equilibrium in terms of the partial pressures of the gases in a reaction mixture when the reaction is at equilibrium. For gaseous systems, \(\text{Kp}\) is expressed as a ratio of the products of partial pressures of the products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients to the products of partial pressures of the reactants raised to their coefficients.

In our exercise, the equilibrium constant \(\text{Kp}\) is determined by the equation \(\text{Kp} = \frac{(P_{NO_{2}})^{2}} {P_{N_{2}O_{4}}}\). Here, \(\text{Kp}\) reflects the extent to which the reaction has proceeded to form the equilibrium mixture of \(\text{N}_{2}\text{O}_{4}\) and \(\text{NO}_{2}\), and it remains constant at a given temperature, regardless of the initial concentrations of reactants and products. If the reaction is at equilibrium and the temperature remains unchanged, \(\text{Kp}\) will not be affected by changes in pressure or volume.

The mole fraction is an expression of the concentration of a particular component in a mixture, defined as the ratio of the number of moles of that component to the total number of moles of all components in the mixture. It is a dimensionless quantity and is used when dealing with gas mixtures to determine partial pressures.

In the context of the given exercise, mole fractions are calculated for \(\text{N}_{2}\text{O}_{4}\) and \(\text{NO}_{2}\) using the equation \(\text{mole fraction} = \frac{\text{moles of component}}{\text{total moles}}\). The mole fractions are important in determining the partial pressures of the gases, which are subsequently used to calculate the equilibrium constant \(\text{Kp}}\). Notably, mole fractions are unaffected by the total pressure or volume of the gas mixture but are altered if the individual amounts of the gases change, as could happen under a new equilibrium when conditions change.

Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a single gas component in a mixture of gases. It is proportional to the mole fraction of that gas in the mixture and the total pressure of the mixture. The partial pressure is used frequently in chemistry to express the concentration of gases within a mixture when dealing with gas-phase reactions at equilibrium.

Within the exercise, we see that the partial pressures for \(\text{N}_{2}\text{O}_{4}\) and \(\text{NO}_{2}\) are calculated by multiplying their mole fractions by the total pressure (\(\text{P}_{\text{total}}\)). For example, \(\text{P}_{\text{NO}_{2}} = \text{mole fraction of NO}_{2} \times \text{P}_{\text{total}}\). These partial pressures are then plugged into the equilibrium expression to solve for \(\text{Kp}\). When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in pressure, the partial pressures of the gases will adjust to the new conditions, thus affecting the equilibrium positions.