For the synthesis of ammonia $$\mathrm{N}_{2}(g)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)$$ the equilibrium constant \(K_{\mathrm{c}}\) at \(375^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(1.2 .\) Starting with \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{2}\right]_{0}=0.76 M,\left[\mathrm{~N}_{2}\right]_{0}=0.60 M,\) and \(\left[\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right]_{0}=\) \(0.48 M\), which gases will have increased in concentration and which will have decreased in concentration when the mixture comes to equilibrium?

In chemical reactions that can occur in both forward and reverse directions, an equilibrium constant, denoted as Kc, provides vital information about the state of the reaction at equilibrium. It represents the ratio of the concentration of the products to the concentration of the reactants, each raised to the power of their coefficients in the balanced equation.

The equilibrium constant is determined by the formula:
\[ K_c = \frac{[\text{Products}]^\text{coefficients}}{[\text{Reactants}]^\text{coefficients}} \]

For the ammonia synthesis reaction:\[ \mathrm{N}_{2}(g) + 3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g) \],the Kc expression would be:\[ K_c = \frac{[\mathrm{NH}_{3}]^2}{[\mathrm{N}_{2}][\mathrm{H}_{2}]^3} \].

At equilibrium, Kc is constant at a given temperature, indicating that the concentrations of reactants and products have reached a state of balance. If you alter the temperature, however, Kc will change, reflecting the temperature dependence of the equilibrium state.

What happens before a reaction reaches equilibrium? We look at the reaction quotient, Qc, to predict the direction in which a reaction mixture will proceed. Similar in form to Kc, the Qc uses the initial concentrations of reactants and products rather than the concentrations at equilibrium.

Using the given initial concentrations, the reaction quotient is calculated as follows:\[ Q_c = \frac{[\mathrm{NH}_{3}]^2_{initial}}{[\mathrm{N}_{2}]_{initial}[\mathrm{H}_{2}]_{initial}^3} \].

The value of Qc is then compared to Kc to determine which way the reaction will shift to reach equilibrium. If Qc is less than Kc (Qc < Kc), the forward reaction is not yet complete, and the concentration of products needs to increase while those of the reactants decrease. Conversely, if Qc is greater than Kc (Qc > Kc), the reverse reaction predominates, leading to a decrease in product concentration and an increase in reactants.

Le Chatelier's Principle offers a qualitative way to predict how a system at equilibrium responds to changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure. When a system at equilibrium faces a disturbance, it will shift to counteract the change and restore a new equilibrium.

For the ammonia synthesis example:\[ \mathrm{N}_{2}(g) + 3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g) \],increasing the concentration of either reactants will shift the equilibrium toward the formation of more ammonia (NH3). Likewise, removing NH3 from the system will cause the reaction to shift right, increasing the production of NH3 to restore equilibrium.

Temperature changes will also affect the equilibrium. If the reaction in question is exothermic, increasing temperature will shift the equilibrium towards the reactants (to the left), while decreasing temperature favors the formation of products (shift right). This correlates to the concept that increased temperature adds energy into the system, which the endothermic reverse reaction could absorb, thus shifting the equilibrium backward.