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Chapter 15: Problem 16
Calculate the concentration of \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\) ions in a \(0.62 M\) NaOH solution.
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A \(0.400 M\) formic acid (HCOOH) solution freezes at \(-0.758^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the \(K_{\mathrm{a}}\) of the acid at that temperature. (Hint: Assume that molarity is equal to molality. Carry your calculations to three significant figures and round off to two for \(K_{\mathrm{a}}\).)
Calcium hypochlorite \(\left[\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OCl})_{2}\right]\) is used as a disinfectant for swimming pools. When dissolved in water it produces hypochlorous acid: $$ \begin{aligned} \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OCl})_{2}(s)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) & \rightleftharpoons \\ & 2 \mathrm{HClO}(a q)+\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}(s) \end{aligned} $$ which ionizes as follows: \(\mathrm{HClO}(a q) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}^{+}(a q)+\mathrm{ClO}^{-}(a q)\) $$ K_{\mathrm{a}}=3.0 \times 10^{-8} $$ As strong oxidizing agents, both \(\mathrm{HClO}\) and \(\mathrm{ClO}^{-}\) can kill bacteria by destroying their cellular components. However, too high a HClO concentration is irritating to the eyes of swimmers and too high a concentration of \(\mathrm{ClO}^{-}\) will cause the ions to decompose in sunlight. The recommended pH for pool water is \(7.8 .\) Calculate the percent of these species present at this pH.
Predict whether the following solutions are acidic, basic, or nearly neutral: (a) \(\mathrm{NaBr}\), (b) \(\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{2}\), (d) \(\operatorname{Cr}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}\).
The first and second ionization constants of a diprotic acid \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~A}\) are \(K_{\mathrm{a} 1}\) and \(K_{\mathrm{a} 2}\) at a certain temperature. Under what conditions will \(\left[\mathrm{A}^{2-}\right]=K_{\mathrm{a} 2} ?\)
Classify each of the following species as a weak or strong acid: (a) \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3},\) (b) HF, (c) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4},\) (d) \(\mathrm{HSO}_{4}^{-}\), (e) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3},\) (f) \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-},(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{HCl}\) (h) \(\mathrm{HCN}\), (i) \(\mathrm{HNO}_{2}\).
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