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Chapter 22: Problem 1

Without referring to Figure \(22.1,\) state whether each of the following elements are metals, metalloids, or nonmetals: (a) \(\mathrm{Cs},(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{Ge},(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{I},\) (d) \(\mathrm{Kr},\) (e) \(\mathrm{W}\), (f) \(\mathrm{Ga},(\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{Te},(\mathrm{h}) \mathrm{Bi}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The elements are classified as follows: (a) Cs - Metal, (b) Ge - Metalloid, (c) I - Nonmetal, (d) Kr - Nonmetal, (e) W - Metal, (f) Ga- Metal, (g) Te - Metalloid, (h) Bi - Metal.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Type of Elements

To answer this question, each element will be identified and classified as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal based on the information from the Periodic table.
02

Classify Cs(Cesium)

\(\mathrm{Cs}\) or Cesium is a metal.
03

Classify Ge(Germanium)

\(\mathrm{Ge}\) or Germanium is a metalloid.
04

Classify I(Iodine)

\(\mathrm{I}\) or Iodine falls under the nonmetals.
05

Classify Kr(Krypton)

\(\mathrm{Kr}\) or Krypton is a nonmetal.
06

Classify W(Tungsten)

\(\mathrm{W}\) or Tungsten is a metal.
07

Classify Ga(Gallium)

\(\mathrm{Ga}\) or Gallium is a metal.
08

Classify Te(Tellurium)

\(\mathrm{Te}\) or Tellurium falls under the category of metalloids.
09

Classify Bi(Bismuth)

\(\mathrm{Bi}\) or Bismuth is a metal.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Metals
Metals are typically found on the left side and in the center of the periodic table, and they are characterized by their ability to conduct heat and electricity. Metals are often malleable, meaning they can be bent or shaped without breaking, and they are ductile, which allows them to be drawn into wires. Notably, they also have a shiny appearance, commonly referred to as metallic luster.

Examples of metals include iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), gold (Au), and the ones mentioned in the exercise, cesium (Cs), tungsten (W), gallium (Ga), and bismuth (Bi). These elements tend to lose electrons and form positive ions, a trait that defines much of their chemical behavior.
Metalloids
Metalloids, also known as semimetals, are elements that have properties intermediate to those of metals and nonmetals. They are located on a zig-zag line on the right side of the periodic table, separating metals from nonmetals.

In the given exercise, germanium (Ge) and tellurium (Te) are classified as metalloids. Metalloids are unique because they can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, which makes them valuable in the semiconductor industry. While not as malleable as metals, they can still be manipulated physically under certain circumstances.
Nonmetals
Nonmetals are found on the right side of the periodic table and possess a very different set of properties compared to metals. They are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity and are not malleable or ductile. Nonmetals can be gases (like oxygen), liquids (such as bromine), or solids (like sulfur) at room temperature.

Nonmetals like iodine (I) and krypton (Kr), from the exercise, tend to gain electrons in reactions and form negative ions. They are essential to life, with carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen being the building blocks of organic compounds.
Periodic Table
The periodic table of elements is a tabular arrangement of all known chemical elements organized by their atomic number, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number in rows called periods and columns called groups.

Understanding the layout of the periodic table allows scientists and students to infer the properties of elements and predict how they might behave in chemical reactions. The classification of elements into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals is greatly facilitated by the periodic table's structure.
Chemical Elements
A chemical element is a pure substance made up of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei, and hence, the same atomic number. There are currently 118 confirmed elements, although only the first 94 occur naturally on Earth. The remainder have been synthesized in laboratories.

The exercise illustrates the way chemical elements are identified as either metals, metalloids, or nonmetals. This is a fundamental practice in chemistry that helps scientists and students alike understand the nature of these substances and how they're likely to interact with one another.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Explain why (a) \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) is more basic than \(\mathrm{PH}_{3}\) (b) \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) has a higher boiling point than \(\mathrm{PH}_{3}\), (c) \(\mathrm{PCl}_{5}\) exists but \(\mathrm{NCl}_{5}\) does not, \((\mathrm{d}) \mathrm{N}_{2}\) is more inert than \(\mathrm{P}_{4}\).

Explain, giving one example in each case, why nitrous acid can act as both a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent.

Describe what is meant by the "hydrogen economy."

Describe an industrial method for preparing each of the halogens.

Unlike \(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}, \mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\) does not readily yield \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) when heated. On the other hand, \(\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}\) undergoes thermal decomposition to produce \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\). (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (b) How would you test for the \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) evolved? [Hint: Treat the gas with limewater, an aqueous solution of \(\left.\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} .\right]\)
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