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Chapter 22: Problem 101

How are lightbulbs frosted? (Hint: Consider the action of hydrofluoric acid on glass, which is made of silicon dioxide.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Frosting of lightbulbs is achieved through exposing the glass bulb to hydrofluoric acid vapors. The acid reacts with the glass (silicon dioxide), forming gaseous silicon tetrafluoride and water. This reaction results in tiny surface irregularities causing the light to be diffused, creating 'frosting'.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Material Involved

Knowing the materials involved is the first step. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is the primary component of most types of glass, including that used to manufacture lightbulbs.
02

The Role of Hydrofluoric Acid

Now, consider the action of hydrofluoric acid (HF) on silicon dioxide. Hydrofluoric acid is able to dissolve silicon dioxide. This is a unique property as few substances can dissolve silicon dioxide.
03

The Chemical Reaction

The chemical reaction between hydrofluoric acid and silicon dioxide can be represented as follows: \[SiO2_{(s)} + 4HF_{(aq)} \rightarrow SiF4_{(g)} + 2H2O_{(l)}\] Here, '(s)' denotes solid, '(aq)' denotes aqueous or in water solution, '(g)' denotes gas and '(l)' denotes liquid state of the chemicals.
04

The Frosting Process

For frosting light bulbs, the bulb is exposed to vapors of hydrofluoric acid. The acid reacts with the glass (silicon dioxide) to form gaseous silicon tetrafluoride and water. This reaction erodes the glass surface, leading to microscopic irregularities that cause the 'frosting' or diffusing effect on the light bulb.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic-that is, it absorbs moisture when exposed to the atmosphere. A student placed a pellet of \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) on a watch glass. A few days later, she noticed that the pellet was covered with a white solid. What is the identity of this solid? (Hint: Air contains \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\).)

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