Explain clearly what is meant by the statement, "The atomic mass of gold is 197.0 amu."

The term 'atomic mass unit' is fundamental when discussing atoms and the elements of the periodic table. An atomic mass unit, abbreviated as amu, is a small unit of mass used to quantify the mass of atoms or molecules. One amu is defined precisely as one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. This standardization allows scientists and students to compare the masses of different atoms on a scale that is practical and comprehensible, since atoms are incredibly tiny and their masses are too small to be expressed conveniently in grams.

When we express the atomic mass of gold as 197.0 amu, we imply that a single atom of gold weighs as much as 197.0 carbon-12 atoms divided by twelve. This comparative scale is crucial for understanding reactions and properties at the atomic level, and though it is a tiny unit, it represents a tangible measure for atomic masses in chemistry.

Isotopes are variants of the same chemical element that differ in neutron number, but have identical numbers of protons. Although these isotopes share chemical properties due to the same electronic structure, they have different physical properties - notably, different masses. The common way to denote an isotope is by the element's name followed by the mass number; for gold, it's gold-197.

The existence of isotopes explains why atomic masses aren't whole numbers; the mass for an element must account for the different isotopes and their relative abundance. Gold is an interesting case in this aspect, as it only has one stable, naturally occurring isotope, gold-197, making its atomic mass a near whole number. When studying isotopes, it's key to remember that although some elements may have multiple stable isotopes, others, like gold, predominantly exist as a single isotope in nature.

The average atomic mass is slightly more complex; it reflects the average mass of all the isotopes of an element, weighted by their natural abundance. The atomic mass noted in periodic tables isn't the mass of a single atom, but an average mass based on the all isotopes of that element present in nature.

Because most elements exist as a mixture of isotopes, each isotopes' mass and relative proportions must be factored in to determine the element's average atomic mass. The atomic mass is calculated by multiplying the mass of each isotope by its natural abundance, then adding all of these products together. Gold, with its singular natural isotope gold-197, has an atomic mass that directly corresponds to that isotope's mass - simplifying calculations. Yet for elements with numerous isotopes, the process requires accurate knowledge of isotopic masses and their distributions in the environment.