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Chapter 6: Problem 39

What is meant by the standard-state condition?

Short Answer

Expert verified
A standard-state condition refers to the conditions under which thermodynamic measurements are made. It is usually defined as 25 degrees Celsius (298.15 Kelvin), pressure 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa), and concentrations of 1 mole per litre for solutions.

Step by step solution

01

Defining the standard-state condition

The standard-state condition, often referred to as 'standard conditions', are used in chemistry, particularly in thermodynamic calculations. They are typically defined as exactly 25 degrees Celsius (298.15 Kelvin), a pressure of 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa), and concentrations of 1 mole per litre for solutions.
02

Factors included in standard-state condition

The factors included in the standard-state condition are temperature, pressure and concentration for solutions. The substances are considered to be in their standard state if they meet these conditions.
03

Importance of standard-state condition

The standard-state condition is important because it allows scientists to compare experimental results from different experiments. Data calculated or measured under standard-state conditions are often called 'standard-state properties'

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The average temperature in deserts is high during the day but quite cool at night, whereas that in regions along the coastline is more moderate. Explain.

Consider the reaction $$\begin{array}{r}2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \\ \Delta H=483.6 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\end{array}$$ If 2.0 moles of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g)\) are converted to \(\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)\) and \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)\) against a pressure of \(1.0 \mathrm{~atm}\) at \(125^{\circ} \mathrm{C},\) what is \(\Delta U\) for this reaction?

(a) For most efficient use, refrigerator freezer compartments should be fully packed with food. What is the thermochemical basis for this recommendation? (b) Starting at the same temperature, tea and coffee remain hot longer in a thermal flask than chicken noodle soup. Explain.

Predict the value of \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{f}}^{\circ}\) (greater than, less than, or equal to zero) for these elements at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}:\) (a) \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}(g)\) \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}(l)\) (b) \(\mathrm{I}_{2}(g) ; \mathrm{I}_{2}(s)\)

From the following heats of combustion, $$\begin{array}{r}\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}(l)+\frac{3}{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \\\\\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}}^{\circ}=-726.4 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol} \\\\\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{graphite})+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g) \\ \Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}}^{\circ}=-393.5 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol} \\ \mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \\\\\Delta H_{\mathrm{rxn}}^{\circ}=-285.8 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\end{array}$$ calculate the enthalpy of formation of methanol \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\right)\) from its elements: $$\mathrm{C}(\text { graphite })+2 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g)+\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}(l)$$
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