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Chapter 7: Problem 73

Explain the meaning of diamagnetic and paramagnetic. Give an example of an element that is diamagnetic and one that is paramagnetic. What does it mean when we say that electrons are paired?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Diamagnetism is a type of magnetism where a substance is repelled by a magnetic field due to the lack of unpaired electrons, an example is bismuth. On the other hand, Paramagnetism is a type of magnetism where a substance is attracted to magnetic fields due to the presence of unpaired electrons, like in aluminium. Lastly, paired electrons mean that the electrons share the same orbital but with opposite spins.

Step by step solution

01

Explain Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism is a property of all materials, and always makes a weak contribution to the material's response to a magnetic field. However, for materials that show some other form of magnetism (such as ferromagnetism or paramagnetism), the diamagnetism is generally completely overpowered. Diamagnetic substances are composed of atoms which have no net magnetic moments (i.e., all the orbital shells are filled and there are no unpaired electrons). However, when subjected to a field, a negative magnetization is produced and thus the material is repelled away from the magnetic field. Examples of diamagnetic substances are bismuth, copper, water, mercury, alcohol, argon, gold, and hydrogen.
02

Explain Paramagnetism

Paramagnetic materials have a small, positive susceptibility to magnetic fields. These materials are slightly attracted by a magnetic field and the material does not retain the magnetic properties when the external field is removed. Paramagnetic properties are due to the presence of some unpaired electrons, and from the realignment of the electron paths caused by the external magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials include aluminium, oxygen, titanium, and iron oxide (FeO).
03

Pairing of Electrons

When we say electrons are paired, it means that the two electrons share the same orbital but have opposite spins. One of the key principles of quantum physics is the Pauli Exclusion Principle which states that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers, a principle that requires electrons in the same orbital to have different spins, so these two electrons in a pair will have a total spin of zero. In other words, the magnetic fields of paired electrons cancel out.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Owls have good night vision because their eyes can detect a light intensity as low as \(5.0 \times 10^{-13} \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). Calculate the number of photons per second that an owl's eye can detect if its pupil has a diameter of \(9.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) and the light has a wavelength of \(500 \mathrm{nm}\) \((1 \mathrm{~W}=1 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{s})\)

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